[Birth-related retinal hemorrhages in the newborn: incidence and relationship with maternal, obstetric and neonatal factors. Prospective study of 2,031 cases]. / Hémorragies rétiniennes liées à l'accouchement chez le nouveau-né : fréquence et relation avec les facteurs maternels, néonataux et obstétricaux. Étude prospective de 2031 cas.

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence, morphology and distribution of retinal hemorrhages in healthy newborns and their relationship to neonatal, maternal and obstetrical factors, and to determine their natural history. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The present study prospectively included 2,031 consecutive healthy newborns. Indirect ophthalmoscopy was performed within 24 hours after birth in all newborns. Infants with retinal hemorrhages were reexamined weekly until the hemorrhage resolved. Annual ophthalmologic follow-up was also scheduled in these children. Neonatal, maternal and obstetric parameters were analyzed in all newborns and compared between newborns with retinal hemorrhages and those without retinal hemorrhages. RESULTS: 31.8 % of newborns exhibited retinal hemorrhages. 72.6 % of hemorrhages were bilateral. They tended to be localized around the optic discs and in the posterior pole, but their distribution was variable. Retinal hemorrhages were of variable shapes. The prevalence of retinal hemorrhages was higher in newborns delivered with vacuum-assisted extraction (38 %, P<0.001), intermediate during normal vaginal delivery (32.6 %, P<0.001) and lower with cesarean section (20.8 %). Comparative analysis between elective cesarean section and emergency cesarean showed a higher incidence of retinal hemorrhages in the emergency cesarean group (P=0.006). On multivariate analysis, vacuum-assisted delivery was the only factor associated with a higher prevalence of retinal hemorrhages in newborns (P=0.045). Two thirds of hemorrhages had disappeared by one week after birth. Retinal hemorrhages had resolved in all newborns within four weeks. CONCLUSION: Birth-related retinal hemorrhages are common (1/3 of our newborns). Vacuum-assisted delivery is the main risk factor in this study. All hemorrhages resolved by one month of age. These findings may help in differential diagnosis with shaken baby syndrome.

[Ocular abnormalieis associated with cutaneous hyperelasticity and joint hypermobility. A report of three observations]. / Les atteintes oculaires associées a l'hyperélasticité cutanée et l'hyperlaxité ligamentaire. A propos de trois observations.

Connective tissues disorders are various and characterized by skin hyperelasticity, joint hypermobility and easy bruising. Ocular abnormalities predominate in type VI Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan disease, brittle cornea, Lobstein syndrome. We report three cases of patients with presumed Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The diagnosis was clinical and could be confirmed by histological findings in two cases. We expose various ocular involvements in this syndrome and insist that biochemical tests are helpful to make the diagnosis.

[Uveitis during the course of sarcoidosis in a child: difficult diagnosis of a case]. / Uvéite au cours de la sarcoidose chez l'enfant: difficultés diagnostiques à propos d'un cas.

Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic granulomatous disorder affecting young adults. It is very unfrequent in children. The authors report the case of an 11-year-old boy with a history of a pulmonary affection who was referred from the department of paediatrics for red eyes. Ocular examination disclosed phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, ocular dryness, posterior uveitis and choroidal granulomas confirmed by fluoresceinic angiography. The diagnosis of pulmonary, ganglionnary and ocular sarcoidosis was made. The authors recalled the clinical particularities of sarcoidosis in childhood and emphasized the difficulties of the differential diagnosis between sarcoidosis and tuberculosis.

[Bilateral Duane syndrome associated with crocodile tears, and congenital megacolon: a case study]. / Syndrome de Stilling-Türk-Duane bilatéral associé à un syndrome des larmes de crocodile et à un mégacôlon congénital.

Duane's syndrome is a congenital form of strabismus characterized by horizontal eye movement limitation and specifically by globe retraction with palpebral fissure narrowing in attempted adduction. It is usually associated with ocular and systemic pathology. We report a case of 2-year-old girl presenting Duane syndrome associated with crocodile tear syndrome, preauricular tags, and Hirschsprung disease. Through this rare case, we discuss different pathogenic hypotheses of this syndrome and associated abnormalities.

[Wolfram syndrome: four case reports]. / Le syndrome de Wolfram: à propos de quatre cas.

Wolfram syndrome, also known as DIDMOAD syndrome, is a rare disease characterized by the association of diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, optic atrophy and deafness. The ophthalmologic findings are largely dominated by optic atrophy. Through four cases and a literature review, the authors describe the ophthalmologic findings in this disease and its clinical and genetic aspects.

[Open globe injuries in children: retrospective study of 62 cases]. / Les plaies du globe oculaire de l'enfant: étude rétrospective de 62 cas.

The open globe injuries in children are frequent and serious accidents. The purpose of this study is to investigate the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics and the visual outcomes of this accident. A retrospective study was conducted on 62 cases in the Ophthalmology department between January 2001 and December 2005. The mean age of admission was 7.5 years. Fifty-one patients were males and twelve were females. Open globe injuries occurred most frequently in the street. The wounds involved the cornea in 66.1% of the cases. There was iris hernia in 30 cases, hyphema in 20 cases and traumatic cataract in 15 cases; in 8% of the cases a foreign body was detected. Final visual acuity was 0.5 or better in 28%. This finding emphasizes that educative measures should be taken into consideration in order to prevent this accident.

[Orbital primitive neuroectodermal tumor with intracranial extension. A case report]. / Tumeur neuro-ectodermique primitive orbitaire avec extension endocrânienne. A propos d'un cas.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the orbit is rare. We present a case of a young patient with orbital PNET extending to the endo-crane and sinuses, which had been treated 10 years before with the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma. The diagnosis was corrected with immunohistochemistry. Through this observation, we discuss the clinical aspects, the diagnosis difficulties, and the therapeutic options of this rare affection.