Fat digestibility in Equus caballus follows increasing first-order kinetics.

The digestibility of ether extract varies greatly from forages to grains and further to added fats consisting mainly of triglycerides. This variation has been attributed to two main factors, the presence of nonhydrolyzable substances in the ether extract, especially in leafy foods, and the dilution of endogenous fecal fat. A compilation of results from 188 equine digestion balance observations on five basal feeds and 18 test feeds with added fats demonstrated a true digestibility of fat approaching 100% and an endogenous fecal fat of 0.22 g x d(-1) x kg BW(-1). The results revealed that nonhydrolyzable ether extract and endogenous fecal fat were insufficient to account for the difference between true digestibility and apparent digestibilities of ether extract in basal feeds and partial digestibilities of added fats in test feeds. A third possible contributing factor was demonstrated: an increasing first-order relationship between observed digestibilities (D, %) and the fat content of the feed (F, g/kg): D = 92.0 - 92.0e(-F/342). r2 = 0.81, P < 0.001. This equation indicates that 46% digestibility (half maximum) occurs at an ether extract or fat content of 24 g/kg, which is common in forages. It is consistent with fat digestibility or efficiency of absorption being a function of the rate of lipolysis, especially when residence time in the small intestine is limited. Consequently, we suggest that the kinetics of lipases, which are difficult to measure, may contribute to low digestibility when substrate concentration in the small intestine is low due to a low fat content in food. The status of vitamins A and E might be affected by low dietary fat contents and might be improved by fat supplementation.

Antioxidant status and muscle cell leakage during endurance exercise.

Antioxidant status of 35 endurance horses was studied during an 80 (OD80) or 160 km (OD160) race. Packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma protein (TPP), plasma ascorbic acid (VIT C), plasma alpha-tocopherol (VIT E) and erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) concentrations, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPX), plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activities were measured at 0, 40, 80 km and 60 min of recovery (REC) at OD80, and 0, 64, 106, 142, 160 km and REC at OD160. In both races, no changes were found in plasma VIT E concentration, but VIT C and GSH concentrations decreased (P<0.05), and mean GPX, AST and CK activities increased from 0 km (P<0.05). Indices of muscle cell leakage (plasma AST and CK) were correlated (r = 0.36 to 0.67; P<0.03) with indices of antioxidant status (VIT C, GSH and GPX). Associations between increased muscle leakage and decreased antioxidant status may, in part, reflect oxidative stress and suggest the testing of antioxidant supplements in endurance horses to improve performance and welfare.

Dietary protein restriction and fat supplementation diminish the acidogenic effect of exercise during repeated sprints in horses.

A restricted protein diet supplemented with amino acids and fat may reduce the acidogenic effects of exercise. Twelve Arabian horses were assigned to a 2 x 2 factorial experiment: two fat levels: 0 or 10 g/100 g added corn oil and two crude protein levels: 7.5 g/100 g (supplemented with 0.5% L-lysine and 0.3% L-threonine) or 14.5 g/100 g. The experiment began with a 4-wk diet accommodation period followed by a standard exercise test consisting of six 1-minute sprints at 7 m/s. Horses were interval trained for 11 wk followed by another exercise test with sprints at 10 m/s. Blood samples were taken at rest and during the exercise tests. Plasma was analyzed for PCO(2), PO(2), Na(+), K(+), Cl(-), lactate, pH and total protein. Bicarbonate, strong ion difference and total weak acids were calculated. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Venous pH was higher in the low protein group during the first test (P = 0.0056) and strong ion difference became higher (P = 0.022) during sprints in the low protein group. During the second test, venous pH and bicarbonate were higher for the low protein high fat group (P = 0.022 and P = 0.043, respectively) and strong ion difference became higher (P = 0.038) at the end of exercise in the low protein groups. These results show that restriction of dietary protein diminishes the acidogenic effect of exercise, especially in combination with fat adaptation.

Dietary carbohydrates and fat influence radiographic bone mineral content of growing foals.

Hydrolyzable carbohydrate intake in horse diets may become excessive when rapidly growing pastures are supplemented with grain-based concentrates. The substitution of fat and fiber for hydrolyzable carbohydrate in concentrates has been explored in exercising horses but not in young, growing horses. Our objective was to compare bone development in foals that were fed pasture and concentrates rich in sugar and starch (corn, molasses) or fat and fiber (corn oil, beet pulp, soybean hulls, oat straw). Forty foals were examined, 20 each in 1994 and 1995. In each year, 10 mares and their foals were fed a corn and molasses supplement (SS) and 10 others were fed a corn oil and fiber supplement (FF). The concentrates were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous, and mineral content was balanced to complement the pastures and meet or exceed NRC requirements. Dorsopalmar radiographs were taken of the left third metacarpal monthly from birth to weaning and then every other month until 1 yr of age. Bone density was estimated using imaging software and an aluminum stepwedge. Radiographic examination indicated differences in medial, lateral, and central bone mineral content of the metacarpal III. Bone mineral content increased with age, and a plateau was observed during winter. Bone mineral content was lower in weanlings and yearlings fed the FF supplement than in those fed SS. Subjective clinical leg evaluations indicated differences in physitis, joint effusion, and angular and flexural limb deformities in response to age, and possibly to season. Regression analysis indicated positive relationships between bone mineral content and body weight, age, and body measurements. Nutrient and chemical interactions, such as the binding of calcium by fat and fiber, may alter the availability of elements necessary for bone development.