[Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells]. / Vnitrne fotosenzitivní gangliové bunky sítnice.

Recently discovered intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells contribute to circadian photoentrainment and pupillary constriction; recent works have also brought new evidence for their accessory role in the visual system in humans. Pupil light reaction driven by individual photoreceptors can be isolated by means of the so called chromatic pupillography. The use of chromatic stimuli to elicit different pupillary responses may become an objective clinical pupil test in the detection of retinal diseases and in assessing new therapeutic approaches particularly in hereditary retinal degenerations like retinitis pigmentosa. In advanced stages of disease, the pupil light reaction is even more sensitive than standard electroretinography for detecting residual levels of photoreceptor activity. This review summarizes current knowledge on intrinsically photosensitive retinal cells and highlights its possible implications for clinical practice.

[Corneal higher order aberrations and their changes with aging]. / Rohovkové aberace vyssího rádu u zdravého oka a jejich zmeny s vekem.

Cornea is the most important refractive medium of the eye and affects its total aberration state. This paper deals with corneal higher order aberrations in healthy humans and evaluates their changes with aging and corneal curvature. The influence of the corneal anterior and posterior surfaces on aberrations of the whole cornea was also investigated. The examination was performed with a Scheimpflug camera which enables to examine the anterior and posterior corneal surface separately. The results show that higher order aberrations of the whole cornea are influenced mainly by the anterior surface aberrations. The main corneal higher order aberration is the Z (4,0) spherical aberration which has a positive value and increases with age. Also, 3rd order aberration values are of importance, especially coma which also increases with age. As a consequence, the root-mean-square of the 3rd and 4th order aberrations in elderly people has a higher value.

[Functional integrity of neural retina in 2. type diabetics]. / Funkcná integrita neurosenzorickej sietnice u diabetikov 2. typu.

The purpose of this prospective longitudinal study was to investigate early defects in functional integrity of neural retina in 2. type diabetic patients without or with mild diabetic retinopathy (DR) since there is an evidence of early functional changes in neural retina before occurrence of clinical manifestation of DR. Psychophysical test of contrast sensitivity (CS) was used for the detection of these changes. Relation between CS and systemic risk factors (HbAlc, blood pressure (BP), serum lipids and BMI) were also evaluated during a follow-up time. There were 48 recent diabetics without DR included in this study that were examined 3 times and compared to 23 diabetics with mild DR. The CS tests were performed using both Sine Wave Contrast Test (SWCT) and Pelli-Robson (PR) test. The reference values for CS threshold were derived from a CS of a control group of 52 healthy individuals. Abnormal CS ascertained by both methods, SWCT and PR, was observed in diabetics with mild NPDR. In comparison to the control group, there was a statistically significant difference of CS in spatial frequencies (SF) of 1.5, 6, 12, 18 cycles per degree (cy/deg). In comparison to diabetics without DR there was a significant difference of CS in SF of 6, 12 and 18 cy/deg in diabetics with mild NPDR. Abnormal CS was noticed in 47.8% (SWCT) or 21.7% (PR) of diabetics with DR. Statistically significant influence of high systolic BP on CS values and visual acuity was noticed. There were no abnormalities in CS in patients without DR comparing to control group during the whole follow-up. However, there was an improvement of CS in SF of 18 cy/deg observed between 1. and 3. evaluation of CS. Interaction of change in values of HbAlc and total cholesterol to HDL ratio had significant influence on CS improvement. Diabetics without DR had significantly better diabetes and blood pressure control in comparison to the diabetics with DR. In conclusion, it was not proved in this study that CS test is suitable for the screening for DR or early functional defects in neural retina before clinical manifestation of DR. Early diagnosis of DM and good compensation of diabetes, blood pressure and serum lipids level can postpone the onset of DR as well as the visual functions impairments.

[Comparison of contact and immersion techniques of ultrasound biometry in terms of target postoperative refraction]. / Srovnání kontaktní a imerzní ultrazvukové biometrie s ohledem na cílovou pooperacní refrakci.

The success of cataract surgery in terms of the postoperative refractive result depends on the calculation of optimal intraocular lens (IOL) power. The accuracy of preoperative measurements (keratometry, biometry) is of a great importance due to the increasing patients' demands on final refractive results. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of contact and immersion techniques of A - scan ultrasound biometry in terms of target postoperative refraction while using the SRK/T formula. The accuracy of the applied biometric techniques was compared by means of the postoperative spherical equivalent (SE). The prospective longitudinal study included 111 non-paired eyes, and the preoperative biometry was performed by means of an OcuScan ultrasound machine (Alcon).The contact technique was used in 48 eyes whereas the immersion technique was employed in 63 eyes.The mean SE in the group measured by the contact technique was -0.13 D, compared to 0.25 D in the group with the applied immersion technique. No statistically significant difference was found in postoperative spherical equivalents while using both biometric techniques (p > 0.1). In this study the choice of a biometric technique had therefore no influence on the predicted postoperative refraction. The results have indicated that the biometric techniques (contact and immersion) are interchangeable in terms of postoperative refractive results.

[Iris metastasis as the first sign of small-cell lung carcinoma with metastatic involvement of the mediastinum]. / Duhovková metastáza jako iniciální manifestace bronchogenního malobunecného karcinomu diseminovaného do mediastina.

BACKGROUND: We present the case of small-cell lung carcinoma metastatic to the iris, the course of the disease and management options. CASE: A 69-year-old female was diagnosed with a solid, amelanotic iris mass in her left eye. Differential diagnostics and ancillary tests subsequently led to the diagnosis of disseminated small-cell lung carcinoma. Systemic chemotherapy was indicated after fine needle biopsy verification of metastatic lung cancer. Iris metastasis responded well to the chemotherapy, its regression was observed and secondary open-angle glaucoma was controlled as well. Good visual functions were preserved during the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Metastatic carcinoma of the iris may be the first sign of disseminated malignant disease. Small-cell lung carcinoma iris metastasis can be treated with chemotherapy. This treatment preserved visual functions, which enhanced the patient's quality of life.

[Awareness and quality of life in patients with glaucoma]. / Informovanost a kvalita zivota pacientu s glaukomem.

PURPOSE: To test the Czech version of a validated questionnaire in assessing health-related quality of life in patients with glaucoma and also determine the level of understanding of their disease. METHODS: Quality of life was assessed using the NEI-VFQ 25 (National Eye Institute - Visual Function Questionnaire) in 20 patients with open-angle glaucoma. Results of the questionnaire were processed by standardized methods and a score between 0 and 100 was assigned to each of the 12 subscales, where 100 represents the best possible score on the scale and 0 represents the worst. The awareness of patients about glaucoma was elicited by 9 questions concerning the origin, course, diagnostic methods and prognosis of glaucoma. RESULTS: The lowest scores in our study group were associated with the subscales of general vision (61.4 +/- 19.7), mental health (61.4 +/- 17.4), role limitations (72.1 +/- 26.7), and dependency (58.3 +/- 23). Our knowledge inquiry revealed poor level of knowledge about glaucoma in our study group. CONCLUSIONS: in our study, the NEI-VFQ 25 proved to be useful and the scores comparable to the results published abroad. The results of our knowledge inquiry suggest that there is an urgent need for patients to receive more information. Patients who are more knowledgeable of their condition are more likely to be adherent to treatment.

[Correlation of the Heidelberg retinal tomograph, evaluation of the retinal nerve fiber layer and perimetry in the diagnosis of glaucoma]. / Korelace Heidelberského retinálního tomografu, hodnocení vrstvy nervových vláken a perimetrie v diagnostice glaukomu.

PURPOSE: To assess the correlation of the selected structural and functional methods in the diagnosis of glaucoma. METHODS: The study group (SG) of 40 patients with primary open angle glaucoma with no or early visual field changes was compared to the control group (CG) of 40 healthy persons of similar age in the first year of prospective longitudinal study. All participants underwent the examination by means of Heidelberg retinal tomograph, photography of retinal nerve fiber layer, standard white-on-white perimetry, and blue-on-yellow perimetry. Only one eye of each examined person was evaluated. Significance was assessed by means of non-parametric test (Mann-Whitney) and the correlation analysis (Spearman) was performed as well. RESULTS: No significant differences in age, visual acuity, and refraction between SG and CG were found. The central corneal thickness (p< 0.05) and intraocular pressure (p< 0.01) were significantly different between both groups. The visual field mean sensitivity (MS) and mean defect (MD) of white-on-white perimetry differ significantly between SG and CG comparing to the visual field parameters of blue-on-yellow perimetry. HRT analysis found out significant parameters: cup area (CA), cup/disc ratio (C/D), rim/disc ratio (R/D), and rim volume (RV) (p< 0.05). Cup shape measure (CSM) and Mikelberg discrimination function (FSM) were significant as well (p< 0.01). The loss of retinal nerve fiber layer was significantly different (p< 0.01) between the glaucomatous and healthy eyes. Spearman's correlation analysis found out significant correlations (MS and MD) only in blue-on-yellow perimetry and CV and RV of HRT analysis by comparison of all healthy and glaucomatous eyes. Another significant correlations were found by comparison of the retinal nerve fiber layer loss to MS (p = 0.00) and MD (p = 0.03) of white-on-white perimetry. Some of HRT parameters: CA, RA, CD, RV, CSM, HVC and RNFL in the group of all 80 eyes were significantly correlated to retinal nerve fiber layer loss. In the group of glaucomatous eyes only, no significant correlations were found. CONCLUSION: Combination of the structural and functional methods can positively improve diagnosis of early glaucoma and better recognize the progression of glaucomatous neuropathy of the optical nerve.

[Diabetics in population of patients treated by pars plana vitrectomy]. / Diabetici v populácii pacientov liecených pars plana vitrektómiou.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate visual and anatomic outcomes following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for complications of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and to assess risk factors that might influence the visual outcome after successful PPV. The medical records of 35 diabetic patients of both types 1 and 2 of diabetes, who underwent vitrectomy for complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) between 2004 and 2005, were analyzed retrospectively. Certain preoperative systemic and ophthalmic variables, intraoperative variables and postoperative complications with negative influence on visual outcome after PPV were recorded. The postoperative follow-up time was 6 months. The collected data as well as visual outcomes after PPV were statistically analyzed. Statistically significant visual improvement was achieved in 51.4 % of the patients; visual acuity (VA) deteriorated in 25.7% of the patients and remained unchanged in 22.9 % of the patients. Preoperative median of VA was 0.0167, changed to 0.1 postoperatively and remained stable on 0.1 level during the 6 months follow-up. VA > or = 0.1 was achieved in 60 % of the patients 6 months after PPV. Some of the followed variables associated with deteriorated or unchanged postoperative VA can be considered as risk factors of an unfavorable prognosis. Evaluated risk factors include preoperative VA worse than 0.1, presence of systemic complications of DM accompanying ocular complications, postoperative occurrence of iris neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma. In conclusion, anatomically successful PPV in diabetic patients is not always followed by an improvement of VA. The optimal timing of vitrectomy is very important not only in order to obtain good visual acuity but also to maintain good visual function for long time. We suppose that an adequate control of DM, sufficient screening for DR and timely laser intervention of DR might decrease the progression of DR and onset of sight threatening complications of PDR as well as decrease the prevalence of blindness at diabetic patients in the future.

[The influence of corneal thickness on level of intraocular pressure in the group of healthy persons and patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)]. / Vliv tloust'ky rohovky na hodnotu nitroocního tlaku u osob zdravých a pacientu s glaukomem.

AIM: To asses the relation between the level of intraocular pressure (IOP) and central corneal thickness (CCT), and to examine the dependence of CCT on age, sex and refraction in the control group of healthy persons (CG) and the group of patients with POAG. METHODS: The control group was formed by 42 eyes of healthy people and 20 eyes of patients with POAG. There were 26 women and 16 men in CG with a median age of 27.5 years and a median refraction of 0 D. The study group with POAG included 9 women and 11 men, with a median age of 71 years and median refraction of 0 D. The corneal thickness was measured with an ultrasonic pachymeter and the IOP with an applanation tonometer. RESULTS: A mean IOP level in CG was 15,4 +/- 5,6 mm Hg and a mean CCT level 558 +/- 42 microm. In the study group of POAG there was a mean IOP level 19,6 +/- 4,6 mm Hg, and a mean CCT level 562.7 +/- 35.7 microm. In the CG a significant positive correlation was found between CCT and IOP (p = 0.01). The dependence of CCT on sex (p = 0.92), refraction (p = 0.99) and age (p = 0.41) was not statistically significant. On the contrary, in the study group of POAG no significant correlation between CCT level and IOP level was found (p = 0.15). The dependence of CCT level on sex (p = 0.43), refraction (p = -0.08) and age (p = -0.17) was also not statistically significant. The difference in the CCT level between CG and the study group of POAG was not significant (p = 0.81). The IOP level appeared to be the only significant difference between both groups (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: The level of IOP was influenced by CCT only in the control group of healthy persons. This dependence was not significant in the group of persons with POAG.

[Influrence of age, gender, refraction, keratometry and disc area on the topographic parameters of the optic nerve head]. / Vliv veku, pohlaví, refrakce, keratometrie a plochy terce na topografické parametry terce zrakového nervu.

Optic nerve head (ONH) examination using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II was carried out in a study group of 39 healthy persons aged 42-79 years. Refraction and keratometry were measured by means of the autorefractometer. The following topographic parameters of the ONH were tested: disc area, rim area and cup area, cup/disc ratio, rim/disc ratio, rim volume, cup volume, mean and maximum cup depth, height variation contour, cup shape measure, mean RNFL thickness and RNFL cross sectional area. Influence of gender on the topographic parameters of the ONH was not found. The age significantly influenced values of the disc area, rim area, rim volume and RNFL cross sectional area. Refraction significantly influenced the parameters disc area and rim area, keratometry significantly correlated with the disc area and cup shape measure. Disc area significantly influenced most parameters of the ONH (cup area, rim area, C/D ratio, R/D ratio, cup volume, rim volume, mean and maximum cup depth, cup shape measure, RNFL cross sectional area). Our study showed that refraction, keratometry, age and disc area significantly influence many topographic parameters of the optic nerve head in the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph ONH analysis.

[Effect of viscoelastic substances on postoperative intraocular pressure in phacoemulsification]. / Vliv viskoelastického materiálu na pooperacní nitroocní tlak u fakoemulzifikace.

The Influence of the Type of Viscoelastic Substances on the Level of Intraocular Pressure after Phacoemulsification The aim of study was to asses the influence of the type of viscoelastic substances on the level of intraocular pressure (IOP) after cataract surgery and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. In the study group of 100 patients Viscoat was used at 32 operated eyes, Provisc at 14 eyes and Duovisc in 54 eyes during phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. IOP was measured before surgery, one day after surgery and one week after surgery. Mean IOP level 1. day postoperatively was 24.94 mmHg in the Viscoat group of eyes, 24.65 mmHg in the Provisc group and 21.09 mmHg in the Duovisc group. The type of viscoelastic substance used during the surgery significantly influenced the level of IOP in the first postoperative day. The level of IOP was significantly lower in the Duovisc group comparing to Viscoat and Provisc. The level of IOP did not differ significantly between the Viscoat and Provisc group. One week after surgery the level of IOP was not significantly different between all types of viscoelastic device. Duovisc was the most profitable viscoleastic substance in the point of view of the course of phacoemulsification, IOL implantation and postoperative level of IOP.

[Comparison of ultrasound and optic biometry with respect to ocular refraction after cataract surgery]. / Srovnání ultrazvukové a optické biometrie s ohledem na refrakci ocí po operaci katarakty.

In the prospective study of 56 patients with cataract (67 eyes) the authors compared axial length biometry) regarding to postoperative refraction of the eyes. Dioptric power of the intraocular lens (IOL) was determined by SRK II. formula. The difference between predicted and actual postoperative refraction in the spherical equivalent were compared 3 months postoperatively. Axial length measured by ultrasound differed significantly from the axial length measured by optical biometry (p = 0.016). Dioptric power of IOL calculated according to the axial length measured by ultrasound was significantly different from the dioptric power of IOL calculated according to the axial length measured by optical biometry (p = 0.003). The difference between predicted and actual postoperative refraction was not statistically significant (p = 0.384) even if we considered both type of measurement. In conclusion, we found partial coherence interferometry was an accurate and reproducible method for measurement of axial length of the eye before cataract surgery. In the cases of advanced dense cataracts backup of ultrasonic biometry is still necessary.

[Structural analysis of the optic nerve head in healthy eyes and in eyes with glaucoma]. / Strukturální analýza terce zrakového nervu zdravých ocí a ocí s glaukomem.

PURPOSE: Assess the possibilities of structural analysis of the optic nerve head by Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) and its use in detection of glaucomatous changes of the optic nerve in particular. Indicate the topographical parameters that are most influenced by glaucoma and are therefore vital in early diagnosis of glaucomatous changes of the optic nerve. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Laser scanning tomography (HRT II) was used to examine 68 healthy eyes (control group) and 42 eyes with open angle glaucoma (study group). All the examined subjects were older than 35 years of age. The analysis concerned the following topographical parameters of the optic nerve head: disc area, cup area and rim area, cup volume, rim volume, cup/disc area ratio, mean cup depth, maximum cup depth, mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL), RNFL cross sectional area, height variation contour and cup shape measure and discriminant functions used for classification of the optic nerve head finding according to F. S. Mikelberg and R. Burk. Statistical analysis was employed to ascertain the significant difference in these topographical parameters for the healthy eyes and the eyes with glaucoma. This method was used for both the whole optic disc and the 6 sectors of the optic nerve head. Another aim of the analysis was also to find out the correlation between the topographical parameters and age. RESULTS: Significant difference in the topographical parameters for the whole optic disc was spotted in the following parameters: rim volume, mean RNFL thickness, RNFL cross sectional area and discriminant function FSM. Significant differences were also found in between individual sectors of the optic nerve head, except for the upper temporal and upper nasal sector. The parameter, which varied most frequently between the groups, was rim volume. Significant correlations between age and topographical parameters were found for the following parameters: rim area, cup shape measure and mean RNFL thickness. CONCLUSION: Results of our study showed, that HRT is able to distinguish between normal and the pathological findings of optic nerve head according to topographical parameters significantly different between the two examined groups. These parameters are important in the diagnosis of glaucoma and also in the follow-up of patients with open angle glaucoma.

[Evaluation of changes in the visual field in glaucoma during examination with white and colored stimuli]. / Hodnocení zmen zorného pole u glaukomu pri vysetrení bílými a barevnými stimuly.

In a group of 35 eyes with open angle glaucoma the visual field was examined by means of standard white perimetry and coloured blue-yellow perimetry. The results of the two types of examination of the central visual field were evaluated by statistical analysis where the assessed statistical parameters of the visual field of the investigated eyes with glaucoma we recompared. In the group a significant difference was found in the mean sensitivity of the retina (MS), mean loss of sensitivity (MD) and loss variance (LV) between white and coloured perimetry. The investigated indexes of the visual field in coloured perimetry differed significantly as compared with standard perimetry, i.e. the values of median sensitivity were lower and those of the mean loss of sensitivity were higher. From the results of our investigation ensues that coloured perimetry was a more sensitive method for the detection of changes of the visual field in a group of eyes with open angle glaucoma than conventional white perimetry.

[Pseudophakic retinal detachment in relation to complications of cataract surgery]. / Pseudofakické odchlípení sítnice ve vztahu ke komplikacím operace katarakty.

The authors made a retrospective study in a group of 14 patients operated in 1999 on account of pseudophakic detachment of the retina (D.R.). They followed up risk factors of development of D.R. in conjunction with complications of cataract surgery. The investigated factors comprised patients sex and age, type of cataract operation and type of implanted lens, complications of cataract surgery, time interval between cataract surgery and the development of D.R., pre-operative and postoperative visual acuity and type of operation of D.R. In the group there was a significant ratio of men (71.4%), the mean age was 60.28 years and 78.6% of the patients were referred to our department. Phacoemulsification with implantation of IOL was made in 57% of the patients, extracapsular extraction with implantation of IOL in 47%. The authors did not find a significant difference between the type of cataract surgery with regard to the development of D.R. A posterior chamber intraocular lens was implanted in 71% eyes of the group while an anterior chamber intraocular lens was used only in 29% of the eyes in the group. Complications of cataract surgery were above all ruptures of the posterior capsule (64%). Dislocation of the lens into the vitreous body during surgery was recorded only in one case (7%) a non-complicated operation of cataract was recorded in 28%, incl. one case (7%) where D.R. was preceded by laser capsulotomy. The mean time interval between cataract operation and D.R. was 20.7 months. The visual acuity before surgery of D.R. was 0.24 while after surgery it was 0.31. In 50% patients a cryosurgical procedure was used in operation of D.R., pars plana vitrectomy as the first operation of D.R. was used in 50% of the group. Adherence of the retina after the first operation was achieved in 64.2% eyes, after re-operation in 85.7% eyes. The authors did not find a significant difference between the type of cataract surgery and type of implanted lens as regards anatomical and functional results of surgery of D.R. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy and dysfunction of the photoreceptors were the main cause of anatomical and functional failure the operation of D.R. in the group. The number of pseudophacic D.R. after laser capsulotomy did not exceed the number of D.R. after non-complicated cataract surgery in the investigated group.

[Intraocular pressure in phacoemulsification]. / Nitroocní tlak u fakoemulzifikace.

The authors investigated changes of the intraocular pressure after non-complicated phacoemulsification with implantation of an intraocular lens of different types (OMMA, silicone, Acrysof) in 40 patients. From the results it is obvious that in some patients already 4 hours after surgery the intraocular pressure rises to an average of 31 +/- 17 mm Hg. The magnitude of the intraocular pressure was not influenced by the size of the surgical wound nor the type of intraocular lens. In values below 30 mm Hg the authors recommend merely follow up of the patients as they assume that these values have a positive impact on closure of the tunnel incision. In the differential diagnosis it is important to consider the post-operative inflammatory reaction, the absorption reaction of residual viscoelastic material, pupillary block while the lenticular capsule is intact and undiagnosed glaucoma. In values above 30 mm Hg the authors recommend administration of beta-blockers, Diluran and antiphlogistics.

[Effect of cataract surgery on contrast sensitivity]. / Vliv operace katarakty na funkci kontrastní citlivosti.

The authors examined in a group of patients with cataract the visual acuity on Snellen's optotypes and contrast sensitivity using Pelli-Robson's test before cataract surgery and after cataract extraction and implantation of an intraocular lens. A VF-7 questionnaire was used for subjective evaluation of the result of surgery. The values of contrast sensitivity of the pseudophakic eyes were compared with the contrast sensitivity of eyes of a age-matched control group with a natural lens. After cataract surgery and lens implantation highly significant improvement of visual acuity of the operated eye was recorded. There was also significant improvement of binocular contrast sensitivity in the study group. The authors did not detect a significant difference of the contrast sensitivity of eyes with a PMMA lens and eyes with a silicone lens. There was no significant difference in the contrast sensitivity of pseudophakic eyes and phakic eyes of the control group. The CF-7 questionnaire revealed that cataract surgery led to significant improvement of the investigated visual activities, as apparent from the subjective evaluation by the patients. However, no significant correlation was found between objective (contrast sensitivity) and subjective (VF-7 questionnaire) evaluation of cataract surgery. Only one question in the questionnaire correlated significantly with contrast sensitivity. The authors found a significant reduction of contrast sensitivity caused by an altered transparency of the lens. The decline of contrast sensitivity in eyes with cataract and relatively good vision on Snellen's optotypes is the cause of some subjective complaints of the patients and may be an important factor in indication of cataract surgery of eyes with a relatively good visual acuity.

[Binocular vision after strabismus surgery in adulthood]. / Binokulární videní po operaci strabismu v dospelém veku.

The authors tested preoperatively and postoperatively for binocularity in a series of 29 adults who underwent surgery for long-standing concomitant strabismus. The authors used Bagolini lenses, troposcope and Worth's lights as the tests for binocularity. The patients in whom the postoperative deviation was greater than 10 prism diopters from orthotropia were excluded. Binocularity was not find at any patient before surgery. The authors made a finding of binocularity after strabismus surgery in 14% of patients, in spite of satisfactory parallel ocular alignment in 52% of patients. The results of development of binocularity after strabismus surgery in adults were not as good in this series as the other authors found.

[Color vision in pseudophakia]. / Barevné videní u pseudofakií.

The authors compare colour differentiation of 30 phakic and 30 pseudophakic eyes, using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. No significant difference was found between the two groups as regards differentiation of colours although theoretically it could be expected that colour differentiation will be better in eyes with a synthetic intraocular lens. The factor which has the greatest influence on colour sense is the subject's age.

[Metamorphosis of vitelliform macular degeneration]. / Metamorfózy viteliformní degenerace makuly.

The authors describe the case of vitelliform macular degeneration of a mother and daughter whom they followed up using different examination methods incl. electrophysiological ones and fluorescent angiography. During the observation subjective deterioration of vision occurred in the daughter which was due to transformation of the typical picture of egg yolk into a further stage of pathological changes.