Systematical approach in evaluation of LC method for determination of raloxifene hydrochloride and its impurities employing experimental design.

Method validation presents a detailed investigation of analytical method and provision of the evidence that the method, when correctly applied, produces results that fit to the purpose. In order to achieve the method validation scope efficiently, experimental design presents a very useful tool. The greatest benefits of such approach could be seen in robustness testing through the provision of very useful data about the control of the chromatographic system during the routine application. In this paper, robustness testing of the LC method proposed for the determination of raloxifene hydrochloride and its four impurities was done employing Plackett-Burman design. Applying this design, the effect of five real factors (acetonitrile content, sodium dodecyl sulfate content, column temperature, pH of the mobile phase and flow rate) on the corresponding resolution factors was investigated through twelve experiments. Furthermore, the insignificance intervals for significant factors were calculated and the parameters for system suitability tests were defined. Eventually, the other validation parameters were tested and the effectiveness of the proposed analytical method with a high degree of accuracy was confirmed.

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in two siblings: report and literature review.

There is evidence of a genetic basis in some cases of idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) types I and III, particularly those occurring in families. The clinical and morphological features and disease course in two siblings with MPGN are described. In the male sibling, both clinical and morphological features as well as serum complement profile suggested type I MPGN; electron microscopy appearance in the female sibling was consistent with type III MPGN. Both patients had treatment-resistant nephrotic syndrome which evolved into renal insufficiency in the girl. No hereditary complement deficiencies were found in siblings or their parents. Both children exhibited HLA-A24; -B27, w4; -DR11, 52; -DQ3 antigens. Between 1981 and 1996, 18 patients from eight families with unequivocal diagnosis of MPGN I or III had been described. The mode of inheritance appeared to be autosomal dominant or X-linked in four of these families. In 11 patients, including our 2, in whom HLA typing was performed, eight had the HLA-A2 antigen. Similarities and discrepancies regarding clinical and morphological features and outcomes were evident in these intrafamilial cases, suggesting either a similar genetic background or a multigenic origin of MPGN. The familial occurrence of the MPGN, highlighted by our report, supports the concept that genetically determined factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.

[Familial membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]. / Familijarni membranoproliferacioni glomerulonefritis.

INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic membranoproliferative (mesangiocapillary) glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a chronic, often progressive renal disease with variable clinical expression divided into three distinct morphological formes, now designated types I, II, and III, on the basis of immunofluorescent (IF) and ultrastructural appearances and complement profiles [1-5]. Several lines of evidences suggest a genetic basis for at least some cases of MPGN I and III. The extended haplotypes HLA-B8, DR3, SCO1, GLO2 were found to constitute 13% of the disease-associated haplotypes and 1% of control hyplotypes [8]. Significantly high percentage of those with MPGN I and III have inherited defects of the complement system [9]. Additional evidence for genetic factors is the rarity of the disease in blacks [10] and examples of MPGN occurring in families. The disease has been reported in siblings as well as in families with affected members spanning more than one generation [11-16]. Here we describe clinical and morphological features in two siblings affected by MPGN and present complement and HLA typing studies done in patients and their parents. A review of familial MPGN I and III cases reported between 1981 and 1996 is made, and genetic susceptibility factors for MPGN are discussed. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between 1976 and 1996 diagnosis of idiopathic MPGN was made in 24 patients, aged 516.5 years. The diagnosis was established after excluding systemic, liver and infectious disorders and malignant neoplasms. The MPGN type was confirmed by light microscopy, IF and electron microscopy studies of the renal biopsy tissues processed by standard techniques. One family with two siblings having MPGN was identified in our series. This family was examined for the presence of renal disease and an inherited complement defect. Laboratory evaluations of the patients and parents included complete urinalysis, serum protein, albumin, urea, creatinine and cholesterol levels and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation. ANA, rheumatoid factors, cryoglobulins, immune complexes, HBV antigens and antibodies and anti-HCV antibodies were also determined. Haemolytic tests for CHSO (classical and alternative pathways) were carried out using standard techniques. The measurement of the various complement factors was carried out using a radial immunodiffusion technique with monospecific antisera (CIq, C2, C4, C3, C5, B, H). HLA-A, B, DR and DQ haplotypes were determined by microcytotoxicity assay of peripheral blood lymphocytes. RESULTS: Patient 1 (SC, male). Renal disease presented at the age of his five years with nephrotic syndrome resistant to corticosteroid treatment. Morphological features and serum complement profile suggested type I MPGN. Treatment consisted of alternate-day prednisone, followed by cyclosporine and then by cyclophosphamide. At the end of the follow-up lasting 5.5 years he had only moderate proteinuria. Patient 2 (MC, female). Proteinuria was revealed at the age of 3 years becoming progressive and leading to the nephrotic syndrome resistant to corticosteroids at the age of 6 years. Electronmicroscopy features were consistent with type III MPGN, although serum C3 and C4 levels remained normal all the time. The same treatment as in her brother was given but she remained persistently nephrotic and anaemic; hypertension developed when she was 6 years old and her renal function became to declaine at the age of 7.5 years. Detailed family studies failed to reveal any evidence of complement deficiencies or secondary cause of MPGN. Siblings had in common HLA-A24, B27, Bw4, DRI1, DRS2, and DQ3 antigens. DISCUSSION: In our patients clinical and morphological features are very similar and are consistent with diagnosis of MPGN, i.e. probably type I in the boy and type III in the girl. Although some extended haplotypes HLA-B8, DR3, SCO1, GLO2, were significantly more frequent (13%) than in controls (1%), and the patients with MPGN having this extended haplotype had

[Use of leukocyte-depleted blood in patients treated with hemodialysis]. / Primena deleukocitovane krvi kod bolesnika lecenih hemodijalizama.

Red cells depleted of white cells can prevent febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions and may reduce or delay alloimmunization of HLA antigens and the transfusion of various viruses. Twenty-three patients maintained on hemodialysis who had febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions were analysed between 1976 and 1994. This reaction was first noticed in patients diagnosed with chronic glomerulonephritis approximately after receiving 7.5 transfusions. The patients were treated with washed red cells from 1976 to 1988 and from this period to 1994 tewy were treated with filtered red cells via Sepacell R500-A. With the use of these preparations, the febrile nonhemolytic reaction was eliminated. The latest advances in transfusiology include the preparation of all blood components without leukocytes.