Single-molecule DNA sequencing of widely varying GC-content using nucleotide release, capture and detection in microdroplets.

Despite remarkable progress in DNA sequencing technologies there remains a trade-off between short-read platforms, having limited ability to sequence homopolymers, repeated motifs or long-range structural variation, and long-read platforms, which tend to have lower accuracy and/or throughput. Moreover, current methods do not allow direct readout of epigenetic modifications from a single read. With the aim of addressing these limitations, we have developed an optical electrowetting sequencing platform that uses step-wise nucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) release, capture and detection in microdroplets from single DNA molecules. Each microdroplet serves as a reaction vessel that identifies an individual dNTP based on a robust fluorescence signal, with the detection chemistry extended to enable detection of 5-methylcytosine. Our platform uses small reagent volumes and inexpensive equipment, paving the way to cost-effective single-molecule DNA sequencing, capable of handling widely varying GC-bias, and demonstrating direct detection of epigenetic modifications.

Fusion of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase increases ethanol production in Escherichia coli.

Ethanol is an important biofuel. Heterologous expression of Zymomonas mobilis pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhB) increases ethanol production in Escherichia coli. A fusion of PDC and ADH was generated and expressed in E. coli. The fusion enzyme was demonstrated to possess both activities. AdhB activity was significantly lower when fused to PDC than when the two enzymes were expressed separately. However, cells expressing the fusion protein generated ethanol more rapidly and to higher levels than cells coexpressing Pdc and AdhB, suggesting a specific rate enhancement due to the fusion of the two enzymes.

Identification of novel inhibitors of phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase MraY from library screening: Isoquinoline alkaloid michellamine B and xanthene dye phloxine B.

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Diversity Set was screened for potential inhibitors of phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase MraY from Escherichia coli using a primary fluorescence enhancement assay, followed by a secondary radiochemical assay. One new MraY inhibitor was identified from this screen, a naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid michellamine B, which inhibited E. coli MraY (IC50 456µM) and Bacillus subtilis MraY (IC50 386µM), and which showed antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis (MIC 16µg/mL). Following an earlier report of halogenated fluoresceins identified from a combined MraY/MurG screen, three halogenated fluoresceins were tested as inhibitors of E. coli MraY and E. coli MurG, and phloxine B was identified as an inhibitor of E. coli MraY (IC50 32µM). Molecular docking of inhibitor structures against the structure of Aquifex aeolicus MraY indicates that phloxine B appears to bind to the Mg(2+) cofactor in the enzyme active site, while michellamine B binds to a hydrophobic groove formed between transmembrane helices 5 and 9.

Identification of a novel inhibition site in translocase MraY based upon the site of interaction with lysis protein E from bacteriophage ϕX174.

Translocase MraY is the site of action of lysis protein E from bacteriophage ϕX174. Previous genetic studies have shown that mutation F288L in transmembrane helix 9 of E. coli MraY confers resistance to protein E. Construction of a helical wheel model for transmembrane helix 9 of MraY and the transmembrane domain of protein E enabled the identification of an Arg-Trp-x-x-Trp (RWxxW) motif in protein E that might interact with Phe288 of MraY and the neighbouring Glu287. This motif is also found in a number of cationic antimicrobial peptide sequences. Synthetic dipeptides and pentapeptides based on the RWxxW consensus sequence showed inhibition of particulate E. coli MraY activity (IC50 200-600 µM), and demonstrated antimicrobial activity against E. coli (MIC 31-125 µg mL(-1)). Cationic antimicrobial peptides at a concentration of 100 µg mL(-1) containing Arg-Trp sequences also showed 30-60 % inhibition of E. coli MraY activity. Assay of the synthetic peptide inhibitors against recombinant MraY enzymes from Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Micrococcus flavus (all of which lack Phe288) showed reduced levels of enzyme inhibition, and assay against recombinant E. coli MraY F288L and an E287A mutant demonstrated either reduced or no detectable enzyme inhibition, thus indicating that these peptides interact at this site. The MIC of Arg-Trp-octyl ester against E. coli was increased eightfold by overexpression of mraY, and was further increased by overexpression of the mraY mutant F288L, also consistent with inhibition at the RWxxW site. As this site is on the exterior face of the cytoplasmic membrane, it constitutes a potential new site for antimicrobial action, and provides a new cellular target for cationic antimicrobial peptides.