ABSTRACT
The Epstein-Barr virus-induced receptor 2 (EBI2) is a constitutively active seven-transmembrane receptor, which was recently shown to orchestrate the positioning of B cells in the follicle. To date, no ligands, endogenously or synthetic, have been identified that modulate EBI2 activity. Here we describe an inverse agonist, GSK682753A, which selectively inhibited the constitutive activity of EBI2 with high potency and efficacy. In cAMP-response element-binding protein-based reporter and guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate (GTPγS) binding assays, the potency of this compound was 2.6-53.6 nm, and its inhibitory efficacy was 75%. In addition, we show that EBI2 constitutively activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in a pertussis toxin-insensitive manner. Intriguingly, GSK682753A inhibited ERK phosphorylation, GTPγS binding, and cAMP-response element-binding protein activation with similar potency. Overexpression of EBI2 profoundly potentiated antibody-stimulated ex vivo proliferation of murine B cells compared with WT cells, whereas this was equivalently reduced for EBI2-deficient B cells. Inhibition of EBI2 constitutive activity suppressed the proliferation in all cases. Importantly, the suppression was of much higher potency (32-fold) in WT or EBI2-overexpressing B cells compared with EBI2-deficient counterparts. Finally, we screened GSK682753A against an EBI2 mutant library to determine putative molecular binding determinants in EBI2. We identified Phe(111) at position III:08/3.32 as being crucial for GSK682753A inverse agonism because Ala substitution resulted in a >500-fold decrease in IC(50). In conclusion, we present the first ligand targeting EBI2. In turn, this molecule provides a useful tool for further characterization of EBI2 as well as serving as a potent lead compound.
Subject(s)
B-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/pharmacology , Oxazoles/pharmacology , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism , Spiro Compounds/pharmacology , Animals , B-Lymphocytes/cytology , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/genetics , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism , HEK293 Cells , Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/chemistry , Humans , Mice , Mice, Mutant Strains , Oxazoles/chemistry , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Phosphorylation/genetics , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics , Response Elements/physiology , Spiro Compounds/chemistryABSTRACT
The tendency for movements of the upper limbs to be drawn systematically toward one another and to follow similar spatiotemporal trajectories is well known. Although suppression of this tendency is integral to tasks of daily living, its exploitation may prove to be critical in the rehabilitation of acquired hemiplegias. In general, however, the task-related factors that determine the degree of coupling between the upper limbs and the mechanisms that mediate bilateral interactions between neural pathways projecting to the muscles of the arm and hand are not yet well understood. We present evidence that the postural context in which human participants perform upper limb movements determines the relative stability of patterns of bimanual coordination. Manipulation of the axes of rotation of forearm movements reversed the relative stability of simultaneous and alternating patterns of bimanual coordination. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex revealed that these manipulations of postural context altered the crossed modulation of excitability in corticospinal pathways that arises from movement of the opposite limb. Furthermore, modulation of responses to electrical stimulation of the cervicomedullary junction indicated that crossed modulation was also expressed at the level of the spinal motoneurons. Our data support the view that crossed modulation of excitability in corticospinal pathways mediates the stability of bimanual coordination. Furthermore, task-related factors that are sufficient to give rise to changes in the stability of bimanual coordination are accompanied by crossed modulation of excitability at multiple levels of the neuraxis, indicative of a failure of inhibitory control.
Subject(s)
Motor Neurons/physiology , Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena , Posture/physiology , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Pyramidal Tracts/physiology , Adult , Electromyography , Functional Laterality , Humans , Middle Aged , Movement/physiology , Upper Extremity/physiologyABSTRACT
The authors investigated how the intention to passively perform a behavior and the intention to persist with a behavior impact upon the spatial and temporal properties of bimanual coordination. Participants (N = 30) were asked to perform a bimanual coordination task that demanded the continuous rhythmic extension-flexion of the wrists. The frequency of movement was scaled by an auditory metronome beat from 1.5 Hz, increasing to 3.25 Hz in.25-Hz increments. The task was further defined by the requirement that the movements be performed initially in a prescribed pattern of coordination (in-phase or antiphase) while the participants assumed one of two different intentional states: stay with the prescribed pattern should it become unstable or do not intervene should the pattern begin to change. Transitions away from the initially prescribed pattern were observed only in trials conducted in the antiphase mode of coordination. The time at which the antiphase pattern of coordination became unstable was not found to be influenced by the intentional state. In addition, the do-not-intervene set led to a switch to an in-phase pattern of coordination whereas the stay set led to phase wandering. Those findings are discussed within the framework of a dynamic account of bimanual coordination.
