Portable Instrumentation for Ambient Ionization and Miniature Mass Spectrometers.

We critically evaluate the current status of portable mass spectrometry (pMS), particularly where this aligns with ambient ionization. Assessing the field of pMS can be quite subjective, especially in relation to the portable aspects of design, deployment, and operation. In this review, we discuss what it means to be portable and introduce a set of criteria by which pMS and ambient ionization sources can be assessed. Moreover, we consider the recent literature in terms of the most popular and significant advances in portable instrumentation for ambient ionization and miniature mass spectrometers. Finally, emerging trends and exciting future prospects are discussed and some recommendations are offered.

Emergency diagnosis made easy: matrix removal and analyte enrichment from raw saliva using paper-arrow mass spectrometry.

Paracetamol overdose is a leading cause of acute liver failure that can prove fatal. Establishing paracetamol concentration accurately and quickly is critical. Current detection methods are invasive, time-consuming and/or expensive. Non-invasive, rapid and cost-effective techniques are urgently required. To address this challenge, a novel approach, called Paper-Arrow Mass Spectrometry (PA-MS) has been developed. This technique combines sample collection, extraction, enrichment, separation and ionisation onto a single paper strip, and the entire analysis process, from sample to result, can be carried out in less than 10 min requiring only 2 µL of raw human saliva. PA-MS achieved a LOQ of 185 ng mL-1, mean recovery of 107 ± 7%, mean accuracy of 11 ± 8% and precision ≤5% using four concentrations, and had excellent linearity (r2 = 0.9988) in the range of 0.2-200 µg mL-1 covering the treatment concentration range, surpassing the best-in-class methods currently available for paracetamol analysis. Furthermore, from a panel of human saliva samples, inter-individual variability was found to be <10% using this approach. This technique represents a promising tool for rapid and accurate emergency diagnosis.

Focusing ion funnel-assisted ambient electrospray enables high-density and uniform deposition of non-spherical gold nanoparticles for highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful technique for detecting trace amounts of analytes. However, the performance of SERS substrates depends on many variables including the enhancement factor, morphology, consistency, and interaction with target analytes. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, the use of electrospray deposition (ESD) combined with a novel ambient focusing DC ion funnel to deposit a high density of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to generate large-area, uniform substrates for highly sensitive SERS analysis. We found that the combination of ambient ion focusing with ESD facilitated high-density and intact deposition of non-spherical NPs. This also allowed us to take advantage of a polydisperse colloidal solution of AuNPs (consisting of nanospheres and nanorods), as confirmed by finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulations. Our SERS substrate exhibited excellent capture capacity for model analyte molecules, namely 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) and Rhodamine 6G (R6G), with detection limits in the region of 10-11 M and a relative standard deviation of <6% over a large area (∼500 × 500 µm2). Additionally, we assessed the quantitative performance of our SERS substrate using the R6G probe molecule. The results demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 > 0.99) over a wide concentration range (10-4 M to 10-10 M) with a detection limit of 80 pM.

Rapid geographical indication of peppercorn seeds using corona discharge mass spectrometry.

With increasing demands for more rapid and practical analyses, various techniques of ambient ionization mass spectrometry have gained significant interest due to the speed of analysis and abundance of information provided. Herein, an ambient ionization technique that utilizes corona discharge was applied, for the first time, to analyze and categorize whole seeds of black and white peppers from different origins. This setup requires no solvent application nor gas flow, thus resulting in a very simple and rapid analysis that can be applied directly to the sample without any prior workup or preparation. Combined with robust data pre-processing and subsequent chemometric analyses, this analytical method was capable of indicating the geographical origin of each pepper source with up to 98% accuracies in all sub-studies. The simplicity and speed of this approach open up the exciting opportunity for onsite analysis without the need for a highly trained operator. Furthermore, this methodology can be applied to a variety of spices and herbs, whose geographical indication or similar intellectual properties are economically important, hence it is capable of creating tremendous impact in the food and agricultural industries.

Flexible Drift Tube for High Resolution Ion Mobility Spectrometry (Flex-DT-IMS).

This paper describes, in detail, the development of a novel, low-cost, and flexible drift tube (DT) along with an associated ion mobility spectrometer system. The DT is constructed from a flexible printed circuit board (PCB), with a bespoke "dog-leg" track design, that can be rolled up for ease of assembly. This approach incorporates a shielding layer, as part of the flexible PCB design, and represents the minimum dimensional footprint conceivable for a DT. The low thermal mass of the polyimide substrate and overlapping electrodes, as afforded by the dog-leg design, allow for efficient heat management and high field linearity within the tube-achieved from a single PCB. This is further enhanced by a novel double-glazing configuration which provides a simple and effective means for gas management, minimizing thermal variation within the assembly. Herein, we provide a full experimental characterization of the flexible DT ion mobility spectrometer (Flex-DT-IMS) with corresponding electrodynamic (Simion 8.1) and fluid dynamic (SolidWorks) simulations. The Flex-DT-IMS is shown to have a resolution >80 and a detection limit of low nanograms for the analysis of common explosives (RDX, PETN, HMX, and TNT).

Rapid Scotch Whisky Analysis and Authentication using Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry.

Whisky, as a high value product, is often adulterated, with adverse economic effects for both producers and consumers as well as potential public health impacts. Here we report the use of DAPCI-MS to analyse and chemically profile both genuine and counterfeit whisky samples employing a novel 'direct from the bottle' methodology with zero sample pre-treatment, zero solvent requirement and almost no sample usage. 25 samples have been analysed from a collection of blended Scotch whisky (n = 15) and known counterfeit whisky products (n = 10). Principal component analysis has been applied to dimensionally reduce the data and discriminate between sample groups. Additional chemometric modelling, a partial least squares regression, has correctly classified samples with 92% success rate. DAPCI-MS shows promise for simple, fast and accurate counterfeit detection with potential for generic aroma profiling and process quality monitoring applications.

Dried Blood Spheroids for Dry-State Room Temperature Stabilization of Microliter Blood Samples.

It is well-known that 2D dried blood spots on paper offer a facile sample collection, storage, and transportation of blood. However, large volume requirements, possible analyte instability, and difficult sample recovery plague this method, lowering confidence in analyte quantification. For the first time, we demonstrate a new approach using 3D dried blood spheroids for stabilization of small volume blood samples, mitigating these effects without cold storage. Blood spheroids form on hydrophobic paper, preventing interaction between the sample and paper substrate, eliminating all chromatographic effects. Stability of the enzyme alanine transaminase and labile organic compounds such as cocaine and diazepam were also shown to increase in the spheroid by providing a critical radius of insulation. On-surface analysis of the dried blood spheroids using paper spray mass spectrometry resulted in sub-ng/mL limits of detection for all illicit drugs tested, representing 1 order of magnitude improvement compared with analysis from 2D dried blood spots.

Novel psoriasis therapies and patient outcomes, Part 3: Systemic medications.

The therapeutic armamentarium for patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) has been strengthened by research affording more individualized treatment regimens with new therapeutic targets. In this article, new systemic therapies for psoriasis are discussed, including a review of the relevant clinical trials for novel therapeutics and their respective mechanisms of action, patient outcomes, and safety profiles. This article is the final installment in a 3-part series on agents in the pipeline for the management of psoriasis and PsA including topical agents, biologic treatments, and systemic therapies in phase 2 through phase 4 clinical trials. These systemic agents offer patients more targeted treatment regimens with the prospect of enhanced therapeutic efficacy and more favorable side-effect profiles with better tolerability.

Novel psoriasis therapies and patient outcomes, part 2: biologic treatments.

Biologic treatments have revolutionized the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α monoclonal antibodies presently are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of these conditions. In this article, new therapies that target this pathway and other steps in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and PsA are discussed, including IL-12/IL-23, IL-17, T-cell activation in antigen-presenting cells, regulatory T cells, toll-like receptors, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. This article is the second in a 3-part series on treatments presently in the pipeline for the management of psoriasis and PsA including topical agents, biologic treatments, and systemic therapies in phase 2 through phase 4 clinical trials as well as agents that are recently FDA approved. Pivotal clinical trials, mechanisms of action, patient outcomes, and pertinent safety information will be discussed for each new therapy. As our knowledge of the underlying pathogenesis of psoriasis and PsA deepens, it enables the development of more targeted therapies in the management of these conditions.

Novel psoriasis therapies and patient outcomes, part 1: topical medications.

In recent years, advances in our understanding of inflammatory mediators and the underlying pathogenesis of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis have shed light on potential therapeutic targets, which has led to the development of several new promising treatments. In this article, key clinical trials, mechanisms of action, patient outcomes, and relevant safety information for these novel topical medications will be evaluated. This article is the first in a 3-part series on treatments presently in the pipeline for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis including topical agents, biologic treatments, and systemic therapies in phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials. With novel approaches to the disease process, these therapies may afford more targeted individualized treatment regimens and offer hope to patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis who have reported a suboptimal therapeutic response to conventional therapies.

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome secondary to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) results from autoantibodies to cell surface phospholipids or phospholipid-binding proteins resulting in clotting anomalies and can have devastating sequelae, including stroke, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and recurrent spontaneous abortions. However, cutaneous manifestations are the first sign of APS in up to 41% of patients. We present a case report of APS that developed several days after taking trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The clinical and pathological features of this unique presentation, differential diagnoses, and treatments are discussed.

Generalized pustular psoriasis of Zambusch: case report of successful disease control with cyclosporine and etanercept.

Generalized pustular psoriasis of Zambusch is a unique and challenging skin condition to successfully manage. Patients often encounter potentially high recurrence rates of pustular eruptions despite multidrug treatment regimens with high morbidity as a consequence. We report a case of generalized pustular psoriasis of Zambusch in a patient whose disease initially flared following early treatment with the anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-alpha) inhibitor etanercept but was later successfully managed with cyclosporine and reintroduction of etanercept. We also discuss therapeutic management options for generalized pustular psoriasis.

Herpes gladiatorum with ocular involvement in a mixed martial arts fighter.

We report a case of herpes gladiatorum (HG) in a professional mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter. The eruption appeared following a sparring session with a new partner and progressed to involve the left eye. Fever and facial rash prompted the patient to go to the hospital where he was treated with antiviral therapy. The considerable increase in popularity of MMA may lead to a greater prevalence of HG as well as other cutaneous infections contracted through skin-to-skin contact.

Successful treatment of von Zumbusch generalized pustular psoriasis with cyclosporine after eruption post etanercept injection.

Von Zumbusch generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is the most severe type of psoriasis with possible life-threatening complications. We report the case of a 22-year-old woman who presented with a severe eruption of generalized pustular psoriasis 48 hours after receiving an injection of etanercept (Enbrel).

Effects and mechanisms of action of the ergopeptides ergotamine and ergovaline and the effects of peramine on reticulum motility of sheep.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects and mechanisms of ergotamine and ergovaline and effects of peramine on reticulum motility of sheep. SAMPLE POPULATION: 3 sheep with indwelling electrodes in the reticulum and samples of reticulum collected from 126 sheep at an abattoir. PROCEDURES: In conscious sheep, motility was recorded as integrated electromyograms from the reticulum. Ergotamine was administered IV alone or in combination with the cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine to sheep, and motility of the reticulum was assessed. In vitro, whole wall strips of the reticulum, cut in a direction to record longitudinal muscle activity via force transducers, were placed in 10-mL organ baths and superfused with Tyrode Ringer's solution at 37 degrees C and oxygenated with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. Testing involved incubation of reticulum strips with ergotamine, ergovaline, and peramine and measurement of motility of the reticulum tissues. RESULTS: Administration of ergotamine to sheep reduced the frequency of reticulum contractions and increased baseline electromyographic activity (tonus). Frequency was unaffected by atropine, whereas tonus was significantly reduced. In vitro, ergotamine and ergovaline increased tonic contractions and stimulated phasic contractions of reticulum tissues and potentiated electrically stimulated contractions. Atropine and tetrodotoxin reduced tonic contractions, but stimulation of large-amplitude phasic contractions remained. Peramine had no effect on motility of reticulum tissues. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of the study indicated that peripheral excitatory effects of the ergopeptides on motility of the reticulum appear to be mediated partly through myenteric neurons and muscarinic receptors and also through direct effects on the muscles.