Detection of genetic variations in coagulopathy-related genes using ramified rolling circle amplification.

We evaluated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection via a target-capture, C-probe ligation, and RAM assay in a single-blind comparison to clinical samples that had been tested with FDA-cleared tests for up to 4 different vascular disease-related SNPs. In the RAM assay circulizable linear probes (C- or padlock probes) were annealed directly to genomic DNA, processed on a largely automated platform, and ligated C-probes were amplified by real-time RAM. After allele determinations were made with the experimental system, the sample genotypes were unblinded and the experimentally determined genotypes were found to be completely consistent with the FDA-cleared test results. The methods and results presented here show that a combination of C-probes, automated sample processing, and isothermal RAM provides a robust, and specific, nucleic acid detection platform that is compatible with automated DNA sample preparation and the throughput requirements of the clinical laboratory.

Detection of nucleic acid targets using ramified rolling circle DNA amplification: a single nucleotide polymorphism assay model.

BACKGROUND: Isothermal amplification methods provide alternatives to PCR that may be preferable for some nucleic acid target detection tasks. Among current isothermal target detection methods, ramified rolling circle amplification (RAM) of single-stranded DNA circles that are formed by ligation of linear DNA probes (C-probes or padlock probes) offers a unique target detection system by linked primers and a simple amplification system that is unconstrained by the target's sequence context. Earlier implementations of RAM-based target detection were reported to be limited by background noise, due in part to unligated C-probe in the amplification reaction. We show here that a target-detection system using a biotinylated target-capture probe together with automated bead-handling reduces or eliminates background amplification noise. We demonstrate the system's performance by detection of a single-nucleotide polymorphism in human genomic DNA. METHODOLOGY: Target detection by RAM entails hybridization and ligation of a C-probe, followed by amplification and RAM signal detection. We evaluated RAM target detection in genomic DNA using recognition of a human Factor V gene single nucleotide polymorphism (G1691A) as a model. Locus-specific C-probes were annealed and ligated to genomic DNAs that represent the 3 possible genotypes at this locus, then ligated C-probes were amplified by real time RAM. The majority of the steps in the assay were performed with a magnetic bead-based chemistry on an automated platform. We show that the specificity of C-probe ligation permits accurate genotyping of this polymorphism. The assay as described here eliminates some of the background noise previously described for C-probe ligation, RAM amplification assays. CONCLUSION: The methods and results presented here show that a combination of C-probe detection, automated sample processing, and isothermal RAM amplification provide a practical approach for detecting DNA targets in complex mixtures.

A mechanism for ramified rolling circle amplification.

BACKGROUND: Amplification of single-stranded DNA circles has wide utility for a variety of applications. The two-primer ramified rolling circle amplification (RAM) reaction provides exponential DNA amplification under isothermal conditions, creating a regular laddered series of double-stranded DNA products. However, the molecular mechanism of the RAM reaction remains unexplained. RESULTS: A RAM reaction model predicts exponential accumulation of a double-stranded DNA product size series, and product-size ratios, that are consistent with observed RAM reaction products. The mechanism involves generation of a series of increasing size intermediate templates; those templates produce RAM products and recursively generate smaller intermediate templates. The model allows prediction of the number of rounds of circular template replication. Real-time RAM reaction data are consistent with the model. Analysis of RAM reaction products shows exponential growth limitation consistent with the model's predictions. CONCLUSIONS: The model provides a rationale for the observed products of the RAM reaction, and the molecular yield among those products. Experimental results are consistent with the model.