Method for the production of a compact source of atomic line spectra in the vacuum ultraviolet.

Atomic emission spectra provide a means to identify and to gain insight into the electronic structure of emitting or absorbing matter. Detailed procedures are provided for the construction of low-pressure electrodeless discharge lamps that yield targeted emission in the vacuum ultraviolet for the spectroscopic study of water vapor and halogen species aboard an array of airborne observation platforms in the upper atmosphere, as well as in laboratory environments. While specific to the production of Lyman-alpha, atomic chlorine, and atomic bromine emissions in this study, the configuration of the lamps and their interchangeability with respect to operation lend these procedures to constructing sources engaging a wide selection of atomic and molecular spectra with straightforward modifications. The features and limitations of each type of lamp are discussed, as well as methods to improve spectral purity and factors affecting operational lifetime.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Incidence of Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of >10 million person-years of observation from members of Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 2011-2022. The electronic health record of individuals with text-string mention of NMDA and encephalitis were reviewed to identify persons who met diagnostic criteria for anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Age-standardized and sex-standardized incidences stratified by race and ethnicity were estimated according to the 2020 US Census population. RESULTS: We identified 70 patients who met diagnostic criteria for anti-NMDAR encephalitis. The median age at onset was 23.7 years (IQR = 14.2-31.0 years), and 45 (64%) were female patients. The age-standardized and sex-standardized incidence of anti-NMDAR encephalitis per 1 million person-years was significantly higher in Black (2.94, 95% CI 1.27-4.61), Hispanic (2.17, 95% CI 1.51-2.83), and Asian/Pacific Island persons (2.02, 95% CI 0.77-3.28) compared with White persons (0.40, 95% CI 0.08-0.72). Ovarian teratomas were found in 58.3% of Black female individuals and 10%-28.6% in other groups. DISCUSSION: Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis disproportionately affected Black, Hispanic, or Asian/Pacific Island persons. Ovarian teratomas were a particularly common trigger in Black female individuals. Future research should seek to identify environmental and biological risk factors that disproportionately affect minoritized individuals residing in the United States.

Traumatic brain injury, race, ethnicity and cognition in newly diagnosed persons with multiple sclerosis.

We sought to determine whether a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) could explain the lower symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) scores observed among newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis (MS) and control participants identifying as Black or Hispanic versus white in the MS Sunshine Study (n = 1172). 330 (29.2 %) participants reported a history of ≥1 TBI. Accounting for TBI did not explain the significant independent associations between having MS, being Black or Hispanic and lower SDMT. The pervasive effects of systemic racism in the United States remain the best explanation for the lower SDMT scores observed in Black and Hispanic participants.

Multiple Sclerosis, Rituximab, Hypogammaglobulinemia, and Risk of Infections.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: B-cell-depleting therapies increase the risk of infections and hypogammaglobulinemia. These relationships are poorly understood. The objectives of these analyses were to estimate how much of this rituximab-associated infection risk is mediated by hypogammaglobulinemia and to identify other modifiable risk factors in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of rituximab-treated pwMS from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2020, in Kaiser Permanente Southern California. Cumulative rituximab dose was defined as ≤2, >2 and ≤4, or >4 g. Serious infections were defined as infections requiring or prolonging hospitalizations, and recurrent outpatient infections as seeking care for ≥3 within 12 months. Exposures, outcomes, and covariates were collected from the electronic health record. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) were estimated using Andersen-Gill hazards models, and generalized estimating equations were used to examine correlates of IgG values. Cross-sectional causal mediation analyses of rituximab and hypogammaglobulinemia were conducted. RESULTS: We identified 2,482 pwMS who were treated with rituximab for a median of 2.4 years (interquartile range = 1.3-3.9). The average age at rituximab initiation was 43.0 years, 71.9% were female, 49.7% were White, non-Hispanic patients, and 29.6% had advanced disability (requiring walker or worse). Seven hundred patients (28.2%) developed recurrent outpatient infections, 155 (6.2%) developed serious infections, and only 248 (10.0%) had immunoglobulin G (IgG) < 700 mg/dL. Higher cumulative rituximab dose (>4 g) was correlated with lower IgG levels (Beta = -58.8, p < 0.0001, ref ≤2 g) and, in models mutually adjusted for hypogammaglobulinemia, both were independently associated with an increased risk of serious (>4 g, aHR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.09-2.24; IgG < 500, aHR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.56-5.72) and outpatient infections (>4 g, aHR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.44-2.06; IgG < 500 aHR = 2.06, 95% CI 1.52-2.80; ref = IgG ≥ 700). Hypogammaglobulinemia explained at most 17.9% (95% CI -47.2-119%) of serious infection risk associated with higher cumulative rituximab exposure but was not significant for outpatient infections. Other independent modifiable risk factors were advanced physical disability for serious (aHR = 5.51, 95% CI 3.71-8.18) and outpatient infections (aHR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.06-1.44) and COPD (aHR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.34-2.11) and obesity (aHR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.09-1.45) for outpatient infections. DISCUSSION: Higher cumulative rituximab doses increase the risk of infections even in this population where 90% of patients maintained normal IgG levels. Clinicians should strive to use minimally effective doses of rituximab and other B-cell-depleting therapies and consider important comorbidities to minimize risks of infections.

Impact of the Hunga Tonga volcanic eruption on stratospheric composition.

The explosive eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) volcano on 15 January 2022 injected more water vapor into the stratosphere and to higher altitudes than ever observed in the satellite era. Here, the evolution of the stratospherically injected water vapor is examined as a function of latitude, altitude, and time in the year following the eruption (February to December 2022), and perturbations to stratospheric chemical composition resulting from the increased sulfate aerosols and water vapor are identified and analyzed. The average calculated mass distribution of elevated water vapor between hemispheres is approximately 78% Southern Hemisphere (SH) and 22% Northern Hemisphere in 2022. Significant changes in stratospheric composition following the HTHH eruption are identified using observations from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder satellite instrument. The dominant features in the monthly mean vertical profiles averaged over 15° latitude ranges are decreases in O3 (-14%) and HCl (-22%) at SH midlatitudes and increases in ClO (>100%) and HNO3 (43%) in the tropics, with peak pressure-level perturbations listed. Anomalies in column ozone from 1.2-100 hPa due to the HTHH eruption include widespread O3 reductions in SH midlatitudes and O3 increases in the tropics, with peak anomalies in 15° latitude-binned, monthly averages of approximately -7% and +5%, respectively, occurring in austral spring. Using a 3-dimensional chemistry-climate-aerosol model and observational tracer correlations, changes in stratospheric composition are found to be due to both dynamical and chemical factors.

Multiple Sclerosis, Disease-Modifying Therapies, and Infections.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The use of highly effective multiple sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) is rapidly increasing. Yet, little is known about their real-world risks of infections. The goals of this study were to assess the comparative risk of outpatient and serious infections across DMTs in a large, diverse, U.S. cohort and determine whether such risks are attributable to DMTs, having MS, or other factors. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of Kaiser Permanente Southern California members from 2008 through 2020 with MS and non-MS controls matched on age, sex, race, and ethnicity. MS treatments, serious (those requiring hospitalization) and outpatient infections, and covariates were collected from the electronic health record. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and risk ratios (aRR) were estimated using the Cox and Poisson regression, respectively. RESULTS: Six thousand, six hundred and twenty-six patients with MS with 11,929 treatment episodes (2,487 rituximab, 546 natalizumab, 298 fingolimod, 4,629 interferon-beta/glatiramer acetate, IFN/GLAT, and 3,969 untreated) and 33,550 population controls were included in the analyses. The average age at treatment start ranged from 38.9 to 49.2 years, and 74% were women. Untreated (aRR = 1.39, [95% CI = 1.35-1.44]) and IFN/GLAT-treated patients with MS (aRR = 1.60, [95% CI = 1.56-1.65]) had a higher risk of outpatient infections and serious infections (aHR = 2.97, [95% CI = 2.65-3.32 and aHR = 2.31, [95% CI = 2.04-2.62], respectively) compared with controls. Rituximab (aRR = 1.19, [95% CI = 1.14-1.25]), fingolimod (aRR = 1.22, [95% CI = 1.09-1.37]), and to a lesser extent, natalizumab treatment (aRR = 1.08, [95% CI = 0.97-1.20]) were associated with an increased risk of outpatient infections compared with IFN/GLAT. Rituximab (aHR = 1.41, [95% CI = 1.09-1.84]) and natalizumab (aHR = 1.40, [95% CI = 0.96-2.04]) treatment were associated with a similar increased risk of serious infections compared with IFN/GLAT. The only treatment-specific association identified was fingolimod with outpatient herpetic infections. Higher comorbidity index, previous hospitalization for infections, and advanced disability significantly increased the risk of serious infections independent of DMTs. Hospitalization for UTI-related pseudorelapses accounted for 24%-48% of serious infections. DISCUSSION: Patients with MS have higher risks of outpatient and serious infections compared with patients without MS. The risk of outpatient infections was similarly increased by rituximab and fingolimod and serious infections by rituximab and natalizumab compared with IFN/GLAT. Steps to minimize risks include optimizing bladder care, comorbidity prevention, varicella vaccination, and considering discontinuing or avoiding DMT use in patients with advanced disability and/or previous hospitalizations for infections.

Analysis of Rituximab Use, Time Between Rituximab and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination, and COVID-19 Hospitalization or Death in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis.

Importance: Rituximab and other B-cell-depleting therapies blunt humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, particularly when the vaccine is administered within 6 months of an infusion. Whether this translates into an increased risk of hospitalization or death from COVID-19 is unclear. Objectives: To examine whether rituximab treatment is associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for COVID-19 among SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and whether delaying vaccination more than 6 months after rituximab treatment is associated with decreased risk. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study used Kaiser Permanente Southern California's electronic health record to identify individuals from January 1, 2020, to February 15, 2022, who had MS and who had been vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. Exposures: Rituximab treatment compared with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) that do not interfere with vaccine efficacy or being untreated (no or other DMT group). Among rituximab-treated patients, the exposure was receiving at least 1 vaccine dose more than 6 months after their last infusion compared with receiving all vaccine doses 6 months or less since their last infusion. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome was hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection. The odds of infection resulting in hospitalization following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination were adjusted for race and ethnicity, advanced MS-related disability; vaccine type; booster dose; and, among rituximab-treated only analyses, cumulative rituximab dose and dose at last infusion. Exposures, outcomes, and covariates were collected from the electronic health record. Results: Among 3974 SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated people with MS (mean [SD] age, 55.3 [15] years; 2982 [75.0%] female; 103 [2.6%] Asian or Pacific Islander; 634 [16.0%] Black; 953 [24.0%] Hispanic; 2269 [57.1%] White; and 15 [0.3%] other race or ethnicity), rituximab-treated patients (n = 1516) were more likely to be hospitalized (n = 27) but not die (n = 0) compared with the 2458 individuals with MS receiving no or other DMTs (n = 7 and n = 0, respectively; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for hospitalization, 7.33; 95% CI, 3.05-17.63). Receiving messenger RNA (mRNA) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (aOR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.15-0.90; P = .03) and receiving a booster vaccination (aOR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.15-0.64; P = .002) were independently associated with a decreased risk of hospitalization for COVID-19. Among vaccinated rituximab-treated individuals with MS, receiving any vaccination dose more than 6 months after the last rituximab infusion was associated with a reduced risk of COVID-19 hospitalization (aOR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.10-0.49). Conclusions and Relevance: This cohort study's findings suggest that rituximab-treated people with MS should be strongly encouraged to receive mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and boosters more than 6 months after their last rituximab infusion whenever possible. The low absolute risk of hospitalization for COVID-19 among mRNA-vaccinated individuals with MS should not preclude use of rituximab, which has marked efficacy, cost, and convenience advantages over other DMTs.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Multiple Sclerosis Prevalence.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The goal of this work was to determine whether the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) varies by race and ethnicity. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of >2.6 million adults from the multiethnic, community-dwelling members of Kaiser Permanente Southern California. The complete electronic health records of individuals with at least 1 ICD-9 code for MS between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010 were reviewed. MS prevalence and 95% CIs stratified by age, sex, and race and ethnicity among 2010 members were estimated with binomial regression. Age- and sex-standardized prevalence was estimated according to the 2010 US Census population. RESULTS: We identified 3,863 patients with MS. The average age of patients with prevalent MS was 51.7 years (SD 13.1 years), and 76.8% were women. The female preponderance was more pronounced among Black (81.2%) and Asian (83.6%) than White (76.3%) or Hispanic (74.5%) individuals with MS. Age- and sex-standardized MS prevalence per 100,000 was similarly high among Black (225.8, 95% CI 207.1-244.5) and White (237.7, 95% CI 228.2-247.2) and significantly lower among Hispanic (69.9, 95% CI 64.4-75.5) and Asian (22.6, 95% CI 17.1-28.1) persons. MS prevalence was highest between the ages of 35 and 64 years and declined after 65 years of age across all racial and ethnic groups. Among adults 18 to 24 years of age, the crude MS prevalence was low but was highest among Black and Hispanic young adults, lower in White people, and lowest in Asian/Pacific Islander individuals (48.5, 25.0, 18.0, and 7.1 per 100,000, respectively). DISCUSSION: MS prevalence varies by race and ethnicity, being similarly high in White and Black and significantly lower in Hispanic and Asian persons in Southern California. Taken together with previous studies, these findings indicate that the burden of MS in the US Black community has long been underrecognized. More studies are needed to determine whether MS is an emerging disease among US Hispanic adults and whether MS susceptibility and prevalence vary among Hispanic or Asian individuals from different cultures or ancestral backgrounds.

Decreasing Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Expenditures and Improving Quality at the Health System Level.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to evaluate a multicomponent health system intervention designed to reduce escalating disease-modifying treatment (DMT) expenditures and improve multiple sclerosis (MS) outcomes by increasing use of preferred formulary and highly effective DMTs (HETs). METHODS: We conducted a trend study of treatment utilization and expenditure outcomes prior to (2009-2011) and during (2012-2018) MS Treatment Optimization Program (MSTOP) implementation in Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) compared to a Kaiser Permanente region of similar size. Annual relapse rates (ARRs) were obtained from KPSC's electronic health records. RESULTS: Adherence to preferred formulary DMTs increased from 25.4% in 2011 to 72.2% in 2017 following MSTOP implementation in KPSC and 22.1% to 43.8%, respectively, in the comparator. KPSC's annual DMT expenditures in 2018 were less than in 2011 despite an 11.3% increase in DMT-treated members. The decline in average per patient per year of treatment expenditures from a peak of $43.1 K in 2014 to $26.3 K in 2018 in KPSC was greater than the comparator, which peaked at $52.1 K and declined to $40.0 K in 2018. Over the 7 years following initiation of MSTOP, cumulative MS DMT expenditures were $161.6 million less than the comparator. HET use increased to 62.5% of per patient treatment-years versus 32.4% in the comparator. This corresponded to a 69% decline in adjusted ARR (95% confidence interval = 64.1-73.2%; p < 0.0001) among DMT-treated patients in KPSC. INTERPRETATION: A novel, expert-led health system intervention reduced MS DMT expenditures despite rising prices while simultaneously reducing MS relapse rates. Our focus on health system progress toward meaningful, measurable targets could serve as a model to improve quality and affordability of MS care in other settings. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:164-172.

Validation of algorithms for identifying outpatient infections in MS patients using electronic medical records.

Background Our multiple sclerosis (MS) stakeholder groups expressed concerns about whether MS disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) increase the risk of specific outpatient infections. Validated methods for identifying the risk of these selected outpatient infections in the general population either do not exist, exclude the clinically important possibility of recurrent infections, or are inaccurate, largely because existing studies relied primarily on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes to identify infectious outcomes. Additionally, no studies have validated methods among the MS population, where some MS symptoms can be mistaken for infections (e.g., urinary tract infections (UTIs)). Objective To utilize multiple data elements in the electronic health record (EHR) to improve accurate identification of selected outpatient infections in an MS cohort and general population controls. Methods We searched Kaiser Permanente Southern California's EHR based on ICD-9/10 codes for specified outpatient infections from 1/1/2008-12/31/2018 among our MS cohort (n=6000) and 5:1 general population controls matched on age, sex, and race/ethnicity (n=30,010). Random sample chart abstractions from each group were used to identify common coding errors for outpatient pneumonia, upper and lower respiratory tract infection, UTIs, herpetic infections (herpes zoster (HZ), herpes simplex virus (HSV)), fungal infections, otitis media, cellulitis, and influenza. This information was used to define discrete infectious episodes and to identify the algorithm with the highest positive predictive value (PPV) after supplementing the ICD-coded episodes with radiology, laboratory and/or pharmacy data. Results PPVs relying on ICD codes alone were inaccurate, particularly for identifying recurrent herpetic infections (HZ (42%) and HSV (60%)), UTIs (42%) and outpatient pneumonia (20%) in MS patients. Defining and validating episodes improved the PPVs for all the selected infections. The final algorithms' PPVs were 80-100% in MS and 75-100% in the general population, after including dispensed treatments (UTI, herpetic infections and yeast vaginitis), timing of dispensed treatments (UTI, herpetic infections and yeast vaginitis), removal of prophylactic antiviral use (herpetic infections), and inclusion of selected laboratory (UTIs) and imaging results (pneumonia). The only exception was outpatient pneumonia, where PPVs improved but remained ≤70%. There were no significant differences in the PPVs for the final algorithms between the MS and general population. Conclusions Provided herein are accurate and validated algorithms that can be used to improve our understanding of how the risk of recurrent outpatient infections are influenced by MS treatments, MS-related disability, and co-morbidities. Findings from such studies will be important in helping patients and clinicians engage in shared decision-making and in developing strategies to mitigate risks of recurrent infections.

Convective hydration of the stratosphere.

Cirrus plumes above superstorm anvils are visible manifestations of a hydraulic jump.

Multiple sclerosis, rituximab, and COVID-19.

We conducted a retrospective cohort study in Kaiser Permanente Southern California from 1 January 2020 to 30 September 2020. We found that rituximab-treated persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS, n = 1895) were more likely be hospitalized (n = 8, 33.3%), but not die (n = 0) from COVID-19, compared to the 4.81 million non-MS population (5.8% and 1.4%, respectively). Time in months (adjusted OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.15-0.69, p = 0.0033) and receiving 1000 mg compared to lower doses at last infusion (adjusted OR = 6.28, 95% CI = 1.38-28.5, p = 0.0173) were independent predictors of COVID-19 severity. Rituximab-treated pwMS should be counseled to take extra precautions in the 5 months following each infusion. Using extended dosing intervals and lower doses could be considered.

Defining Benign/Burnt-Out MS and Discontinuing Disease-Modifying Therapies.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether MS disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) can be safely discontinued in patients aged 50 years or older with suspected benign/burnt-out MS and to define criteria to identify such patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 136 patients with suspected benign/burnt-out MS who discontinued DMTs from the electronic health record (EHR) at Kaiser Permanente Southern California. RESULTS: The majority discontinued an injectable DMT (n = 131, 96%). At the time of DMT discontinuation, mean and SD for age was 60.6 (6.2) years, disease duration 19.5 (10.7) years, and time since last relapse 11.0 (7.2) years. After a mean duration of follow-up of 5.0 years post-DMT discontinuation, 5 (3.7%) patients had a relapse, 2 (1.5%) had mild residual deficits, and 3 (2.2%) had asymptomatic MRI disease activity. Patients with MS disease activity following DMT discontinuation were younger (median = 53.6 years) than those who remained disease activity free. Fifty patients (36.8%) had only 1 lifetime relapse, of whom 1 relapsed post-DMT discontinuation. Sixty (56.6%) of 106 patients with spinal cord MRIs before discontinuation showed demyelinating lesions. CONCLUSIONS: DMT discontinuation in older patients with suspected benign/burnt-out MS appears safe. Our findings suggest that MRI evidence of spinal cord involvement does not preclude the possibility of benign/burnt-out MS, and for those with 2 or more lifetime relapses, a benign/burn-out classification is best reserved for those aged 55 years and older. Future studies to determine whether DMT discontinuation is safe at a younger age in patients with a single lifetime relapse are needed. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: The study provides Class IV evidence that DMTs can be safely discontinued in older patients with suspected benign/burnt-out MS.

An exploratory study of diet in childhood and young adulthood and adult-onset multiple sclerosis.

There is little evidence on the role of diet in childhood/adolescence and multiple sclerosis (MS) in adulthood. The MS Sunshine Study recruited adults with recent-onset MS (n = 602) and matched controls (n = 653). Of these, 84% provided dietary recall for specific ages between childhood and young adulthood (6-10, 11-15 and 16-20 years). We used logistic regression to test associations between age-specific diet and case-control status. Consumption of fruit (all ages), yoghurt (all ages) and legumes (11-15 years) was associated with lower probability of adult-onset MS (all p < 0.05). These results suggest that healthy dietary habits between childhood and young adulthood may reduce MS risk.

Seafood, fatty acid biosynthesis genes, and multiple sclerosis susceptibility.

BACKGROUND: The role of omega-3 fatty acid in multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether fish/seafood intake or genetic factors that regulate omega-3 fatty acids levels are associated with MS risk. METHODS: We examined the association of fish and shrimp consumption and 13 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FADS1, FADS2, and ELOV2 with risk of MS in 1153 individuals from the MS Sunshine Study, a case-control study of incident MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), recruited from Kaiser Permanente Southern California. RESULTS: Consuming fish/seafood at least once a week or at least once a month with regular fish oil use was associated with 44% reduced odds of MS/CIS (adjusted OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.41-0.76; p = 0.0002) compared with consuming fish/seafood less than once a month and no fish oil supplementation. Two FADS2 SNPs (rs174611 and rs174618) were independently associated with a lower risk of MS (adjusted ORs = 0.74, 0.79, p = 0.0056, 0.0090, respectively). Association of FADS2 SNPs with MS risk was confirmed in an independent dataset. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that omega-3 fatty acid intake may be an important modifiable risk factor for MS. This is consistent with the other known health benefits of fish consumption and complementary genetic studies supporting a key role for omega-3 regulation.

Pregnancy does not modify the risk of MS in genetically susceptible women.

OBJECTIVE: To use the case-only gene-environment (G [Formula: see text] E) interaction study design to estimate interaction between pregnancy before onset of MS symptoms and established genetic risk factors for MS among White adult females. METHODS: We studied 2,497 female MS cases from 4 cohorts in the United States, Sweden, and Norway with clinical, reproductive, and genetic data. Pregnancy exposure was defined in 2 ways: (1) [Formula: see text] live birth pregnancy before onset of MS symptoms and (2) parity before onset of MS symptoms. We estimated interaction between pregnancy exposure and established genetic risk variants, including a weighted genetic risk score and both HLA and non-HLA variants, using logistic regression and proportional odds regression within each cohort. Within-cohort associations were combined using inverse variance meta-analyses with random effects. The case-only G × E independence assumption was tested in 7,067 individuals without MS. RESULTS: Evidence for interaction between pregnancy exposure and established genetic risk variants, including the strongly associated HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele and a weighted genetic risk score, was not observed. Results from sensitivity analyses were consistent with observed results. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that pregnancy before symptom onset does not modify the risk of MS in genetically susceptible White females.

Early identification of COVID-19 cytokine storm and treatment with anakinra or tocilizumab.

OBJECTIVE: To examine outcomes among patients who were treated with the targeted anti-cytokine agents, anakinra or tocilizumab, for COVID-19 -related cytokine storm (COVID19-CS). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all SARS-coV2-RNA-positive patients treated with tocilizumab or anakinra in Kaiser Permanente Southern California. Local experts developed and implemented criteria to define COVID19-CS. All variables were extracted from electronic health records. RESULTS: At tocilizumab initiation (n = 52), 50 (96.2%) were intubated, and only seven (13.5%) received concomitant corticosteroids. At anakinra initiation (n = 41), 23 (56.1%) were intubated, and all received concomitant corticosteroids. Fewer anakinra-treated patients died (n = 9, 22%) and more were extubated/never intubated (n = 26, 63.4%) compared to tocilizumab-treated patients (n = 24, 46.2% dead, n = 22, 42.3% extubated/never intubated). Patients who died had more severe sepsis and respiratory failure and met COVID-CS laboratory criteria longer (median = 3 days) compared to those extubated/never intubated (median = 1 day). After accounting for differences in disease severity at treatment initiation, this apparent superiority of anakinra over tocilizumab was no longer statistically significant (propensity score-adjusted hazards ratio 0.46, 95% confidence interval 0.18-1.20). CONCLUSIONS: Prompt identification and treatment of COVID19-CS before intubation may be more important than the specific type of anti-inflammatory treatment. Randomized controlled trials of targeted anti-cytokine treatments and corticosteroids should report the duration of cytokine storm in addition to clinical severity at randomization.

Rituximab, MS, and pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the safety and efficacy of rituximab (RTX) in MS and pregnancy, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of 74 pregnancies among 55 women treated with RTX for MS and their offspring. METHODS: We used prospectively collected information from the electronic health record at Kaiser Permanente Southern California between 2012 and 2019 of mother and baby to identify treatment history, pregnancy outcomes, and relapses. RESULTS: Last RTX exposure before conception occurred between 1.8 and 5.2 months in 32 (49%) of 65 pregnancies and accidentally during the first trimester in 9 (12%). Among 38 live births, adverse pregnancy outcomes were as follows: 3 preterm deliveries (including 1 set of twins), 1 neonatal death (preterm twin), and 1 perinatal stroke (full-term). No stillbirths, chorioamnionitis, or major malformations were found. Fifteen (27%) women had at least one first-trimester miscarriage, of whom 8 (53%) had a history of infertility. Cumulative dose or timing of last RTX infusion was not associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. Only 2 (5.4%) women experienced relapses, one during pregnancy and the other postpartum. CONCLUSION: We observed no increase in adverse pregnancy outcomes compared with expected national incidence rates and remarkably little disease activity in RTX-treated women with MS, particularly when compared with periconceptional natalizumab-treated cohorts. However, larger studies are needed to fully assess the safety of RTX use before pregnancy, especially risks associated with prolonged B-cell depletion and hypogammaglobulinemia. Until these data are available, we recommend restricting RTX use before pregnancy to women who require highly effective MS treatments. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class IV evidence that for pregnant women with MS, RTX controls disease activity and does not increase adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Pregnancy-related relapses and breastfeeding in a contemporary multiple sclerosis cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether women with multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosed according to current criteria are at an increased risk of postpartum relapses and to assess whether this risk is modified by breastfeeding or MS disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), we examined the electronic health records (EHRs) of 466 pregnancies among 375 women with MS and their infants. METHODS: We used prospectively collected information from the EHR at Kaiser Permanente Southern and Northern California between 2008 and 2016 of the mother and infant to identify treatment history, breastfeeding, and relapses. Multivariable models accounting for measures of disease severity were used. RESULTS: In the postpartum year, 26.4% relapsed, 87% breastfed, 36% breastfed exclusively for at least 2 months, and 58.8% did not use DMTs. At pregnancy onset, 67.2% had suboptimally controlled disease. Annualized relapse rates (ARRs) declined from 0.37 before pregnancy to 0.14-0.07 (p < 0.0001) during pregnancy, but in the postpartum period, we did not observe any rebound disease activity. The ARR was 0.27 in the first 3 months postpartum, returning to prepregnancy rates at 4-6 months (0.37). Exclusive breastfeeding reduced the risk of early postpartum relapses (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.37, p = 0.009), measures of disease severity increased the risk, and resuming modestly effective DMTs had no effect (time-dependent covariate, p = 0.62). CONCLUSION: Most women diagnosed with MS today can have children without incurring an increased risk of relapses. Women with suboptimal disease control before pregnancy may benefit from highly effective DMTs that are compatible with pregnancy and lactation. Women with MS should be encouraged to breastfeed exclusively.

Race, ethnicity, and cognition in persons newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether black or Hispanic patients with newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis (MS) are more likely to have cognitive impairment than white patients when compared to controls matched on age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Whether black or Hispanic patients have a more aggressive MS disease course than white patients remains unclear. No prior studies have examined differences in early cognitive impairment. The oral Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is sensitive to early cognitive impairment in MS but normative data in nonwhite patients are limited. METHODS: We studied 1,174 adults who enrolled in the MS Sunshine Study. SDMT and verbal fluency were measured in 554 incident cases of MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and 620 matched controls. Multivariable regression was used to examine correlates of abnormal SDMT in the entire cohort. RESULTS: The strongest independent predictors of lower oral SDMT scores in rank order were having MS/CIS, lower educational attainment, and being black or Hispanic. Black and Hispanic patients and controls had lower SDMT scores than white participants even after controlling for age, sex, and education. However, no interaction between race/ethnicity and MS case status on SDMT scores was detected. Easy-to-use reference scores stratified by age and educational attainment for black and Hispanic patients are provided. CONCLUSION: Persons with newly diagnosed MS/CIS are more likely to have subtly impaired cognitive function than controls regardless of race/ethnicity. Lower absolute SDMT scores among black and Hispanic patients compared to white patients highlight underlying US population differences rather than differences in MS disease severity.