RSV-related hospitalization and outpatient palivizumab use in very preterm (born at <29 wGA) infants: 2003-2020.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children under one year and a leading cause of infant hospitalization. Palivizumab was approved by the FDA in 1998 as RSV immunoprophylaxis to prevent severe RSV disease in children with specific health conditions and those born at <35 weeks gestational age (wGA). This study compared RSV-related hospitalization (RSVH) and RSVH characteristics in very preterm (<29 wGA) and term (>37 wGA) infants. Using the MarketScan Commercial and Multi-State Medicaid administrative claims databases, infants born between 7/1/2003 and 6/30/2020 were identified and classified as very preterm or term. Infants with evidence of health conditions, such as congenital heart disease and cystic fibrosis, were excluded. During 2003-2020 RSV seasons (November to March), claims incurred by infants while they were <12 months old were evaluated for outpatient administration of palivizumab and RSVH. The study included 40,123 very preterm infants and 4,421,942 term infants. Rate of RSVH in very preterm infants ranged 1.5-3.8 per 100 infant-seasons in commercially insured infants and 3.5-8.4 in Medicaid insured infants and were inversely related to wGA at birth. Relative risk of RSVH in very preterm was 3-4 times higher, and ICU admissions and mechanical ventilation were more common during RSVH in very preterm infants relative to term infants. However, these outcomes were less common or less severe in very preterm infants who received outpatient palivizumab administration, despite evidence of higher baseline risk of RSVH in these infants.

NICU discharge preparation and transition planning: guidelines and recommendations.

In this section, we present Interdisciplinary Guidelines and Recommendations for Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Discharge Preparation and Transition Planning. The foundation for these guidelines and recommendations is based on existing literature, practice, available policy statements, and expert opinions. These guidelines and recommendations are divided into the following sections: Basic Information, Anticipatory Guidance, Family and Home Needs Assessment, Transfer and Coordination of Care, and Other Important Considerations. Each section includes brief introductory comments, followed by the text of the guidelines and recommendations in table format. After each table, there may be further details or descriptions that support a guideline or recommendation. Our goal was to create recommendations that are both general and adaptable while also being specific and actionable. Each NICU's implementation of this guidance will be dependent on the unique makeup and skills of their team, as well as the availability of local programs and resources. The recommendations based only on expert opinion could be topics for future research.

NICU discharge preparation and transition planning: introduction.

The National Perinatal Association (NPA) coordinated a multidisciplinary work group to develop guidelines and recommendations for Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) discharge preparation and thus the transition from NICU to home for infants admitted to the NICU and their families. In this section, we explore the concepts of NICU discharge readiness as well as transition planning and preparation. We describe the process that was used to develop the guidelines and recommendations as well as the timeline for the work. NPA hopes that the readers will find the Interdisciplinary Guidelines and Recommendations for NICU Discharge Preparation and Transition Planning to be beneficial, useful, and pertinent.

Changes in Assessment of and Satisfaction With Discharge Preparation From the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND: A successful transition from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to home is aided by a comprehensive discharge planning program that keeps families involved and engaged with the discharge preparation process. PURPOSE: To compare the assessment of parental NICU discharge preparedness with parental satisfaction with the NICU discharge preparation. METHODS: Families were surveyed 4 to 6 weeks after NICU discharge, and those selecting "very prepared" were considered "satisfied" with their discharge preparation. On discharge day, families were considered "prepared" for discharge based on their overall level of preparedness and their nurse's rating of them on a discharge readiness assessment tool. RESULTS: In total, 1104 families (60%) reported being both "satisfied" and "prepared"; 293 families (16%) were "satisfied" but not "prepared"; 297 families (16%) were not "satisfied" but were "prepared"; and 134 families (7%) were neither "satisfied" nor "prepared." Compared with families that were both "satisfied" and "prepared," families that were neither "satisfied" nor "prepared" were more likely to be raising the infant alone, of Black race, and to have sicker infants. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Some families are at a higher risk and merit more consideration during NICU discharge planning. Assess the discharge readiness of all families prior to discharge. Those at an increased risk may benefit from more discharge education and training, specifically for single mothers, those with limited resources, or others considered at high risk.

Discharge planning considerations for the neonatal intensive care unit.

Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge readiness is the primary caregivers' masterful attainment of technical care skills and knowledge, emotional comfort and confidence with infant care by the time of discharge. NICU discharge preparation is the process of facilitating discharge readiness. Discharge preparation is the process with discharge readiness as the goal. Our previous work described the importance of NICU discharge readiness and strategies for discharge preparation from an American medical system perspective. NICU discharge planning is, however, of international relevance as challenges in relation to hospital discharge are a recurring global theme. In this manuscript, we conceptualise NICU discharge preparation with international perspective.

Psychosocial Stress and Adversity: Effects from the Perinatal Period to Adulthood.

Early exposure to stress and adversity can have both immediate and lasting effects on physical and psychological health. Critical periods have been identified in infancy, during which the presence or absence of experiences can alter developmental trajectories. There are multiple explanations for how exposure to psychosocial stress, before conception or early in life, has an impact on later increased risk for developmental delays, mental health, and chronic metabolic diseases. Through both epidemiologic and animal models, the mechanisms by which experiences are transmitted across generations are being identified. Because psychosocial stress has multiple components that can act as stress mediators, a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between multiple adverse or beneficial experiences and their ultimate effects on health is essential to best identify interventions that will improve health and outcomes. This review outlines what is known about the biology, transfer, and effects of psychosocial stress and early life adversity from the perinatal period to adulthood. This information can be used to identify potential areas in which clinicians in neonatal medicine could intervene to improve outcomes.

Biocompatible Soft Fluidic Strain and Force Sensors for Wearable Devices.

Fluidic soft sensors have been widely used in wearable devices for human motion capturing. However, thus far, the biocompatibility of the conductive liquid, the linearity of the sensing signal, and the hysteresis between the loading and release processes have limited the sensing quality as well as the applications of these sensors. In this paper, silicone based strain and force sensors composed of a novel biocompatible conductive liquid (potassium iodide and glycerol solution) are introduced. The strain sensors exhibit negligible hysteresis up to 5 Hz, with a gauge factor of 2.2 at 1 Hz. The force sensors feature a novel multi-functional layered structure, with micro-cylinder-filled channels to achieve high linearity, low hysteresis (5.3% hysteresis at 1 Hz), and good sensitivity (100% resistance increase at a 5 N load). The sensors' gauge factors are stable at various temperatures and humidity levels. These bio-compatible, low hysteresis, and high linearity sensors are promising for safe and reliable diagnostic devices, wearable motion capture, and compliant human-computer interfaces.

Preparing for Discharge From the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND: Discharge readiness is a key determinant of outcomes for families in the NICU. Since 2003, using a broad set of outcome and process measures, we have conducted an ongoing quality improvement initiative to improve the discharge preparation process in our NICU and readiness of families being discharged from the NICU. METHODS: Iterative improvements to the discharge preparation process were made by a multidisciplinary committee. Discharge readiness was measured by using a parental and nurse survey for all families discharged from our NICU. Primary outcome measures included parental self-assessment of discharge readiness and nurse assessment of the family's emotional and technical discharge readiness. Secondary outcome measures included assessment of specific technical skills and emotional factors. Process measures included nursing familiarity with family at discharge. Improvement over time was analyzed by using statistical process control charts. RESULTS: Significant improvement was seen in all primary outcome measures. Family self-assessment of discharge readiness increased from 85.1% to 89.1%; nurse assessment of the family's emotional discharge readiness increased from 81.2% to 90.5%, and technical discharge readiness increased from 81.4% to 87.7%. Several secondary outcome measures revealed significant improvement, whereas most remained stable. Nurse familiarity with the family at discharge increased over time. CONCLUSIONS: Quality improvement methodology can be used to measure and improve discharge readiness of families with an infant in the NICU. This model can provide the necessary framework for a structured approach to systematically evaluating and improving the discharge preparation process in a NICU.

Epidemiology of perinatal substance use: Exploring trends in maternal substance use.

Over the last two decades, the prevalence of substance use among women of childbearing age has risen dramatically in the United States making substance use during pregnancy a significant public health concern. This article offers a general overview of the epidemiology of perinatal substance use focusing primarily on the United States but when available international trends will be presented as well.

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit discharge preparedness among families with limited english proficiency.

OBJECTIVE: We compared the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit discharge preparedness of families with and without Limited English Proficiency (LEP). STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective analysis of discharged families. Each family's discharge preparation was self-assessed on the day of discharge, and the discharging nurse assessed the family's overall emotional and technical discharge preparedness all on 9-point Likert scales. Families were considered not prepared for discharge if they rated themselves or the nurse rated their preparedness as <7 on the Likert scale. RESULTS: Among 1307 discharged families, 90 had LEP. The odds of being prepared for discharge were the same for both groups (aOR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.27-1.41; p = 0.258). In multivariable analyses, families with LEP were less likely to be prepared with technical baby care skills (aOR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13-0.81). CONCLUSION: Families with LEP are at higher risk and may require special attention when preparing for NICU discharge.

The Role of Integrated Care in a Medical Home for Patients With a Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is an umbrella term used to describe preventable birth defects and intellectual and/or developmental disabilities resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure. The American Academy of Pediatrics has a previous clinical report in which diagnostic criteria for a child with an FASD are discussed and tools to assist pediatricians with its management can be found. This clinical report is intended to foster pediatrician awareness of approaches for screening for prenatal alcohol exposure in clinical practice, to guide management of a child with an FASD after the diagnosis is made, and to summarize available resources for FASD management.

Fetal Alcohol Research Caring for Patients with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: A Needs Assessment.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is the United States' most common preventable cause of birth defects and intellectual and developmental disabilities collectively referred to as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to identify gaps in pediatric providers' knowledge and practices regarding FASD patient identification, diagnosis, management and referral, and to inform needs-based FASD resource development. METHODS: Pediatric providers (pediatricians, trainees, nurse practitioners) were exposed to survey links embedded in newsletters electronically distributed to the membership of two national professional societies. Survey responses were compiled and analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Of the 436 respondents, 71% were pediatricians and 88.2% suspected that a child in their practice could have an FASD. Only 29.2% of respondents felt "very comfortable" diagnosing or referring an individual with suspected FASD. Merely 11.5% were satisfied with their current FASD knowledge base and practice behaviour. Most respondents (89.6%) indicated online continuing education courses as preferred learning method and suggested their knowledge and practices would be best enhanced through FASD-specific diagnostic and referral checklists or algorithms, and patient education brochures and fact sheets. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that few respondents were satisfied with their current FASD knowledge or practice behaviours. Continuing FASD education, particularly through online courses, was strongly desired. To maximize FASD recognition and optimize care for patients with FASDs, pediatric care providers must ensure that their FASD knowledge base, practice skills and provision of medical home care remain current.

Families Affected by Parental Substance Use.

Children whose parents or caregivers use drugs or alcohol are at increased risk of short- and long-term sequelae ranging from medical problems to psychosocial and behavioral challenges. In the course of providing health care services to children, pediatricians are likely to encounter families affected by parental substance use and are in a unique position to intervene. Therefore, pediatricians need to know how to assess a child's risk in the context of a parent's substance use. The purposes of this clinical report are to review some of the short-term effects of maternal substance use during pregnancy and long-term implications of fetal exposure; describe typical medical, psychiatric, and behavioral symptoms of children and adolescents in families affected by substance use; and suggest proficiencies for pediatricians involved in the care of children and adolescents of families affected by substance use, including screening families, mandated reporting requirements, and directing families to community, regional, and state resources that can address needs and problems.

Treatment options for apnoea of prematurity.

Apnoea of prematurity (AOP) affects almost all infants born at <28 weeks gestation or with birth weight <1000 g. When untreated, AOP may be associated with negative outcomes. Because of these negative outcomes, effective treatment for AOP is an important part of optimising care of preterm infants. Standard treatment usually involves xanthine therapy and respiratory support. Cutting-edge work with stochastic vibrotactile stimulation and new pharmaceutical agents continues to expand therapeutic options. In this article, we review the pathophysiology of AOP, associated conditions and treatment options.

Stochastic Resonance Effects on Apnea, Bradycardia, and Oxygenation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of stochastic resonance (SR) stimulation on preterm infant oxygen desaturation, bradycardia, and apnea events. We hypothesized that SR stimulation will reduce these events. METHODS: This was a randomized crossover study conducted from April 2012 to July 2014. Eligible preterm infants were not receiving ventilation support and had at least 1 clinically documented apnea, bradycardia, and/or oxygen desaturation event. The 3 outcome variables were as follows: oxygen desaturation, bradycardia, and apnea events. Infants received up to two 3- or 4-hour intervention periods of 30-minute alternating intervals of SR stimulation and no SR stimulation. The first intervention period was randomly assigned to begin with SR stimulation either on or off, whereas the next intervention period automatically began with the opposite on/off state. We compared the SR stimulation "on" periods with the SR stimulation "off" periods with each infant serving as his or her own control. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 36 infants with a mean (±SD) gestational age of 30.5 ± 3 weeks and a birth weight of 1409 ± 450 g. SR stimulation decreased the number of apneic events by 50%. SR stimulation ameliorated every aspect of clinically significant oxygen desaturation events, with a 20% to 35% decrease in the number, duration, and intensity of oxygen desaturation events when SR stimulation was on. Also, SR stimulation produced a nearly 20% reduction in the intensity of bradycardia events. CONCLUSIONS: SR stimulation may be a noninvasive and nonpharmacologic treatment option for apnea, oxygen desaturation, and some aspects of bradycardia in premature infants.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders.

Prenatal exposure to alcohol can damage the developing fetus and is the leading preventable cause of birth defects and intellectual and neurodevelopmental disabilities. In 1973, fetal alcohol syndrome was first described as a specific cluster of birth defects resulting from alcohol exposure in utero. Subsequently, research unequivocally revealed that prenatal alcohol exposure causes a broad range of adverse developmental effects. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is the general term that encompasses the range of adverse effects associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. The diagnostic criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome are specific, and comprehensive efforts are ongoing to establish definitive criteria for diagnosing the other FASDs. A large and growing body of research has led to evidence-based FASD education of professionals and the public, broader prevention initiatives, and recommended treatment approaches based on the following premises:▪ Alcohol-related birth defects and developmental disabilities are completely preventable when pregnant women abstain from alcohol use.▪ Neurocognitive and behavioral problems resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure are lifelong.▪ Early recognition, diagnosis, and therapy for any condition along the FASD continuum can result in improved outcomes.▪ During pregnancy:◦no amount of alcohol intake should be considered safe;◦there is no safe trimester to drink alcohol;◦all forms of alcohol, such as beer, wine, and liquor, pose similar risk; and◦binge drinking poses dose-related risk to the developing fetus.

Binge Drinking.

Alcohol is the substance most frequently abused by children and adolescents in the United States, and its use is associated with the leading causes of death and serious injury at this age (ie, motor vehicle accidents, homicides, and suicides). Among youth who drink, the proportion who drink heavily is higher than among adult drinkers, increasing from approximately 50% in those 12 to 14 years of age to 72% among those 18 to 20 years of age. In this clinical report, the definition, epidemiology, and risk factors for binge drinking; the neurobiology of intoxication, blackouts, and hangovers; genetic considerations;and adverse outcomes are discussed. The report offers guidance for the pediatrician. As with any high-risk behavior, prevention plays a more important role than later intervention and has been shown to be more effective. In the pediatric office setting, it is important to ask every adolescent about alcohol use.