Household chaos and childhood obesity-related health outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Household chaos, defined as a lack of organization, structure, and predictability, has been linked to deleterious childhood health outcomes and may hinder attempts to initiate and maintain healthy lifestyle changes. This study examined the associations of household chaos and obesity-related health conditions in a sample of youth being treated for obesity. METHODS: Participants were 715 patients (61.8% girls; Mage = 12.3 years; 68.7% non-Hispanic Black; M% of 95th BMI %-ile = 146.9%) enrolled in a pediatric weight management clinic. Caregiver report of household chaos was measured using the Confusion, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS). Physiological obesity-related comorbidities (e.g., insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia) were assessed by a medical clinician and abstracted from electronic medical records; health conditions were dichotomized as present or not present. Psychological functioning was measured with the Pediatric Symptom Checklist, a caregiver-completed mental health screen that assesses internalizing, externalizing, and attention concerns. RESULTS: The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to test differences in household chaos scores for each obesity-related health condition. Caregivers of youth diagnosed with hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea reported significantly lower levels of household chaos, while caregivers who reported clinical levels of psychological dysfunction reported higher levels of chaos. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional management of childhood obesity requires changes across multiple health domains (e.g., dietary, exercise, sleep), and such change may be facilitated by structure and consistency. Present findings suggest that psychological resources within pediatric weight management settings should address individual patient-level factors associated with physiological and mental health as well as household functioning.

Insurance Approval for Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in Adolescents in the Midsouth.

Background: Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) has been shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of adolescent obesity, yet many providers express hesitance to refer adolescents for surgery due to concerns for insufficient insurance coverage. Methods: The Healthy Lifestyle Clinic, a pediatric weight management clinic, was established in 2014, and an adolescent MBS program was added in 2017. Patients 15 years or older who meet the selection criteria are eligible for the surgery track. A retrospective chart review was conducted to describe our experience obtaining insurance approval for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) for our adolescent patients. Results: Almost all patients who were interested in and eligible for LSG ultimately received insurance approval. Most patients had public insurance (70%). Sixty-four percent of patients were approved after the initial application, 23% were approved after a peer-to-peer review, and 11% required an appeal for approval. There was no difference in the time from insurance application to insurance approval based on age, race/ethnicity, or type of insurance. Conclusions: Age <18 years and having public health insurance have not been demonstrated as barriers to insurance approval for LSG in our cohort. Providers should not delay referral for MBS for eligible adolescents based on concern for insufficient insurance coverage. Adolescent MBS programs would benefit from a patient advocate to help families navigate the insurance approval process and reduce barriers to surgery.

Waitlist management in a pediatric weight management clinic: implementing an orientation session.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluates implementation of an orientation session to address a waitlist of more than 2000 referrals to a pediatric weight management clinic in the Mid-South United States. METHODS: An hour-long group-based orientation to the pediatric weight management clinic was implemented to provide information about the structure and expectations of the clinic as well as education on healthy lifestyle recommendations. Families were contacted from the waitlist by telephone and invited to attend an orientation session prior to scheduling a clinic appointment. RESULTS: Of 2251 patients contacted from the waitlist, 768 scheduled an orientation session, of which 264 (34 %) attended. Of the 264 orientation participants, 246 (93 %) scheduled a clinic appointment. Of those, 193 (79 %) completed a clinic visit. Waitlist times decreased from 297.8 ± 219.4 days prior to implementation of orientation sessions to 104.1 ± 219.4 days after. CONCLUSIONS: Orientation has been an effective and efficient way to triage patient referrals while maximizing attendance in limited clinic slots for patients and families demonstrating interest and motivation. Elements of this approach are likely generalizable to other pediatric clinical settings that must strategically manage a large volume of patient referrals.

Mindful Eating and Active Living: Development and Implementation of a Multidisciplinary Pediatric Weight Management Intervention.

Pediatric overweight and obesity are significant individual and public health issues that require an innovative approach. While evidence suggests that intensive family-based behavioral lifestyle modification can improve weight status, practical and logistical realities limit the ability of primary healthcare providers to intervene effectively. MEALs (Multidisciplinary Engagement and Learning/Mindful Eating and Active Living) is a family-based mindfulness intervention developed to address pediatric overweight and obesity, while improving healthy lifestyle behaviors through cooking classes. The incorporation of mindfulness, a psychological strategy associated with increased awareness of internal experiences, allows for a focus on the importance of healthy eating along with safe and efficacious kitchen practices. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide is used to describe the intervention with the intention of providing necessary details to implement the intervention in clinical practice or replicate the intervention for further study. Lessons learned from pilot iterations of the intervention are provided.

Psychosocial Functioning After One Year of Interdisciplinary Pediatric Weight Management.

Youth with obesity are more likely than normal-weight peers to experience psychosocial problems. Empirically-based recommendations for addressing pediatric obesity include intensive interdisciplinary weight management comprising medical, behavioral health, nutrition, and exercise components. The present study examined changes in psychosocial functioning associated with frequency of participation in an interdisciplinary pediatric weight management program. Participants were 86 patients (55.8% females; median age = 11.5 years; 67.4% Non-Hispanic Black; median BMI percentile = 99.5) enrolled in an interdisciplinary pediatric weight management program for at least one year. Psychosocial functioning was measured with the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC-17), a caregiver-completed mental health screen that assesses internalizing, externalizing, and attention difficulties as well as global functioning. The PSC-17 was completed at the initial clinic visit (baseline) and repeated one-year later (annual). The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test indicated that annual PSC-17 scores were significantly lower than baseline scores across all domains. Spearman correlation coefficients revealed no significant association between total number of clinic visits and PSC-17 global or subscale scores. However, the number of visits for exercise-only sessions was significantly correlated with caregiver-reported improvement in internalizing behaviors. Findings suggest that participation in interdisciplinary pediatric weight management may improve psychosocial functioning in youth with obesity and that attending supervised exercise sessions may be especially beneficial for improving internalizing behavior symptoms.

A Randomized Study of Exercise and Fitness Trackers in Obese Patients After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Functional limitations persist in obese patients after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study assessed the effect of an exercise program (EP) and fitness trackers (FT) in obese patients with TKA. Sixty patients 1 year after orthopedic surgery were recruited and received a 16-week tailored EP; half were randomized to receive an FT. FT had no measurable effect compared with EP alone. EP improved knee range of motion, strength, and quality-of-life scores. This study provides preliminary evidence that a 16-week EP in obese individuals 1 year post TKA is feasible and effective in improving function and quality of life.

Interdisciplinary Management of Pediatric Obesity: Lessons Learned in the Midsouth.

The Healthy Lifestyle Clinic (HLC) is an interdisciplinary weight management clinic conceived to address alarming rates of pediatric obesity and related comorbidities in the midsouth region of the United States. The clinical cohort presented is a subset of the 609 patients evaluated during the first 2 years of the HLC and comprises 380 patients with a minimum of 6 months of follow-up. The primarily non-Hispanic black (67.1%) cohort presented with severe obesity ( MzBMI = 2.52 ± 0.41) and particularly high rates of insulin resistance, among other comorbidities. This article offers insight into the challenges of intervening with a cohort of youth and their families, many with limited resources to support intensive behavioral and lifestyle changes. Our experiences implementing a weight management clinic with a diverse clinical cohort provide guidance for emerging programs and impetus to investigate environmental and cultural factors that contribute to high attrition in the treatment of pediatric obesity.

Potential Utility of a Loaded Treadmill Protocol for Tactical Athletes.

Swearingen, JT, Weiss, LW, Smith, WA, Stephenson, MD, and Schilling, BK. Potential utility of a loaded treadmill protocol for tactical athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 610-616, 2018-Aerobic capacity is an important variable for tactical athletes, with V[Combining Dot Above]O2max being the most direct way of estimating it in a laboratory setting. A mode-specific protocol involving fixed-weight, torso-borne loads was assessed in the current study. On 4 separate days, 15 men (age 22.1 ± 2.7 years, mass 85.1 ± 10.6 kg, height 179.0 ± 7.7 cm) performed a weighted treadmill walking protocol (2 trials) and a nonweighted treadmill running protocol (2 trials). Both the weighted and nonweighted protocols were reliable, with intraclass correlation coefficient values of 0.79 and 0.87, respectively. V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak values from both protocols were highly correlated (r = 0.90, p < 0.01). However, V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak was higher during the nonweighted protocol (t = 7.547, d = 2.47, p < 0.01). Work rate was calculated for both the last completed stage and stage during which participants reached fatigue. Work rates for both protocols on the last completed stage were similar (t = 1.44, d = 0.83, p = 0.17), although the work rate for the final attempted stage was greater for the weighted-walking protocol (t = 5.85, d = 3.60, p < 0.01). These data suggest a weighted-walking V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak that is highly associated with a running V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak. This test may be applied to those who routinely perform torso-borne load carriage, such as tactical athletes. Future weighted-walking protocols should seek achieve higher resolution, especially near the end stage of the test where subjects reach volitional fatigue. Large increases in work rate may not be feasible at the end stages of the test.

Physical Function and Physical Activity in Obese Adults After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Obese patients are more likely to have osteoarthritis and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This investigation sought to evaluate physical function, activity level, and quality of life (QOL). Obese participants near 1-year postsurgical follow-up appointment were recruited. Evaluation included QOL and activity questionnaire, medical histories, anthropometrics, strength, and aerobic capacity. Sixty participants completed assessments. Obese TKA patients have physical performance limitations and low physical activity levels 1 year after surgery and completion of postoperative rehabilitation.

Lifestyle and metabolic syndrome in adult survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) are at an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), which may be reduced with lifestyle modifications. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize lifestyle habits and associations with MetSyn among CCS. METHODS: CCS who were ≥ 10 years from diagnosis, aged > 18 years, and participating in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study completed medical and laboratory tests and a food frequency questionnaire. The Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel criteria were used to classify participants with MetSyn. Anthropometric, food frequency questionnaire, and self-reported physical activity data were used to characterize lifestyle habits according to World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) recommendations. Those who met ≥ 4 of 7 recommendations were classified as having followed guidelines. Sex-stratified log-binomial regression models were used to evaluate associations between dietary/lifestyle habits and MetSyn, adjusted for age, age at cancer diagnosis, receipt of cranial radiotherapy, education, and household income. RESULTS: Among 1598 CCS (49.2% of whom were male, with a median age of 32.7 years [range, 18.9 years-60.0 years]), 31.8% met criteria for MetSyn and 27.0% followed WCRF/AICR guidelines. Females who did not follow WCRF/AICR guidelines were 2.4 times (95% confidence interval, 1.7-3.3) and males were 2.2 times (95% confidence interval, 1.6-3.0) more likely to have MetSyn than those who followed WCRF/AICR guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to a heart-healthy lifestyle is associated with a lower risk of MetSyn among CCS. There is a need to determine whether lifestyle interventions prevent or remediate MetSyn in CCS.

Feasibility and initial effectiveness of home exercise during maintenance therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PURPOSE: Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at increased risk of obesity and deconditioning from cancer therapy. This pilot study assessed feasibility/initial efficacy of an exercise intervention for patients with ALL undergoing maintenance therapy. METHODS: Participants were aged 5 to 10 years, receiving maintenance therapy, in first remission. A 6-month home-based intervention, with written and video instruction, was supervised with weekly calls from an exercise coach. Pre- and poststudy testing addressed strength, flexibility, fitness, and motor function. RESULTS: Seventeen patients enrolled (participation 63%). Twelve (71%) finished the intervention, completing 81.7 ± 7.2% of prescribed sessions. Improvements of 5% or more occurred in 67% for knee and 75% for grip strength, 58% for hamstring/low-back and 83% for ankle flexibility, 75% for the 6-Minute Walk Test, and 33% for performance on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Version 2. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study demonstrated that exercise intervention during ALL therapy is feasible and has promise for efficacy.

Emotional distress among adult survivors of childhood cancer.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to estimate the prevalence of emotional distress in a large cohort of adult survivors of childhood cancer and to evaluate the interrelationship of risk factors including cancer-related late effects. METHODS: Adult survivors of childhood cancer (N = 1,863), median age of 32 years at follow-up, completed comprehensive medical evaluations. Clinically relevant emotional distress was assessed using the Brief Symptom Inventory 18 and was defined as T-scores ≥63. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multivariable logistic regression models to identify risk factors for distress. Path analysis was used to examine associations among identified risk factors. RESULTS: Elevated global distress was reported by 15.1% of survivors. Cancer-related pain was associated with elevated distress (OR 8.72; 95% CI, 5.32-14.31). Survivors who reported moderate learning or memory problems were more likely to have elevated distress than survivors who reported no learning or memory problems (OR 3.27; 95% CI, 2.17-4.93). Path analysis implied that cancer-related pain has a direct effect on distress symptoms and an indirect effect through socioeconomic status and learning or memory problems. Similar results were observed for learning or memory problems. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood cancer-related morbidities including pain and learning or memory problems appear to be directly and indirectly associated with elevated distress symptoms decades after treatment. Understanding these associations may help inform intervention targets for survivors of childhood cancer experiencing symptoms of distress. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: A subset of long-term childhood cancer survivors experience significant emotional distress. Physical and cognitive late effects may contribute to these symptoms.

Measured versus self-reported physical function in adult survivors of childhood cancer.

PURPOSE: Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) experience late effects that interfere with physical function. Limitations in physical function can affect CCS abilities to actively participate in daily activities. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the concordance between self-reported physical performance and clinically evaluated physical performance among adult CCS. METHODS: CCS 18 yr or older and 10 yr or older from diagnosis who are participants in the St. Jude Lifetime cohort study responded to the physical function section of the Medical Outcome Survey Short Form (SF-36). Measured physical performance was evaluated using the Physical Performance Test and the 6-Minute Walk Test. RESULTS: Individuals (N = 1778, 50.8% female) with a median time since diagnosis of 24.9 yr (range = 10.9-48.2) and a median age of 32.4 yr (range = 19.1-48.2) completed testing. Limitations in physical performance were self-reported by 14.1% of participants. The accuracy of self-report physical performance was 0.87 when the SF-36 was compared with the 6-Minute Walk Test or the Physical Performance Test. Reporting inaccuracies most often involved reporting a physical performance limitation. Poor accuracy was associated with previous diagnosis of a bone or CNS tumor, lymphoma, older age, and large body size. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that self-report, using the physical performance subscale of the SF-36, correctly identifies CCS who do not have physical performance limitations. In contrast, this same measure is less able to identify individuals who have performance limitations.

Physiologic frailty as a sign of accelerated aging among adult survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the St Jude Lifetime cohort study.

PURPOSE: Frailty, a phenotype reported among 9.9% of individuals 65 years old and older (9.6% of women; 5.2% of men), has not been assessed among adult childhood cancer survivors (CCS). We estimated the prevalence of frailty and examined associations with morbidity and mortality. METHODS: Participants included 1,922 CCS at least 10 years from original cancer diagnosis (men, 50.3%; mean age, 33.6 ± 8.1 years) and a comparison population of 341 participants without cancer histories. Prefrailty and frailty were defined as two and ≥ three of the following conditions: low muscle mass, self-reported exhaustion, low energy expenditure, slow walking speed, and weakness. Morbidity was defined as grade 3 to 4 chronic conditions (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0). Fisher's exact tests were used to compare, by frailty status, percentages of those with morbidity. In a subset of 162 CCS who returned for a second visit, Poisson regression was used to evaluate associations between frailty and new onset morbidity. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate associations between frailty and death. RESULTS: The prevalence of prefrailty and frailty were 31.5% and 13.1% among women and 12.9% and 2.7% among men, respectively, with prevalence increasing with age. Frail CCS were more likely than nonfrail survivors to have a chronic condition (82.1% v 73.8%). In models adjusted for existing chronic conditions, baseline frailty was associated with risk of death (hazard ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 6.2) and chronic condition onset (relative risk, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.2). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of frailty among young adult CCS is similar to that among adults 65 years old and older, suggesting accelerated aging.

Chemotherapy-related neuropathic symptoms and functional impairment in adult survivors of extracranial solid tumors of childhood: results from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: To ascertain prevalence of peripheral sensory and motor neuropathy, and to evaluate impairments in relation to function. DESIGN: St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study, a clinical follow-up study designed to evaluate adverse late effects in adult survivors of childhood cancer. SETTING: A children's research hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Eligibility required treatment for an extracranial solid malignancy between 1962 and 2002, age ≥ 18 years, ≥ 10 years postdiagnosis, and no history of cranial radiation. Survivors (N=531) were included in the evaluation with a median age of 32 years and a median time from diagnosis of 25 years. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary exposure measures were cumulative doses of vinca-alkaloid and platinum-based chemotherapies. Survivors with scores ≥ 1 on the sensory subscale of the Modified Total Neuropathy Score were classified with prevalent sensory impairment. Those with sex-specific z scores of ≤-1.3 for dorsiflexion strength were classified with prevalent motor impairment. Participants completed the 6-minute walk test (endurance), the Timed Up & Go test (mobility), and the Sensory Organization Test (balance). RESULTS: The prevalence of sensory and motor impairment was 20% and 17.5%, respectively. Vinca-alkaloid exposure was associated with an increased risk of motor impairment (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-2.64) without evidence for a dose response. Platinum exposure was associated with increased risk of sensory impairment (adjusted OR=1.62; 95% CI, .97-2.72) without evidence of a dose response. Sensory impairment was associated with poor endurance (OR=1.99; 95% CI, .99-4.0) and mobility (OR=1.65; 95% CI, .96-2.83). CONCLUSIONS: Vincristine and cisplatin exposure may increase risk for long-term motor and sensory impairment, respectively. Survivors with sensory impairment are at increased risk for functional performance limitations.

Exercise training in childhood cancer survivors with subclinical cardiomyopathy who were treated with anthracyclines.

Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) treated with anthracyclines are at risk for cardiomyopathy. This case series evaluated the response of anthracycline exposed CCS with subclinical cardiomyopathy to aerobic and strength training. Body composition, strength and cardiopulmonary fitness were evaluated before and after the 12-week intervention. All equipment and materials were provided to five 10+ year CCS (3 males, mean age 38.0 ± 3.3 years) for a guideline-based home exercise program. All five completed the study with no adverse events. Compliance with exercise was 86%. These results suggest that exercise training may improve exercise capacity of CCS with subclinical cardiomyopathy. Pediatr Blood Cancer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Physical activity among cancer survivors and those with no history of cancer- a report from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer survivors are at greater risk for chronic diseases that make regular physical activity a challenge. The purpose of this manuscript was to compare physical activity levels among five-year cancer survivors and those with no history of cancer, and to determine risk factors for physical inactivity. METHODS: Participants who completed the physical activity monitoring portion of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2003-04 and 2005-06 were included in these analyses. Physical activity collected via accelerometer was used to determine who completed recommended amounts of physical activity according to Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines. Associations between physical activity and cancer status were evaluated with multiple logistic regressions. RESULTS: 95.5% of five-year cancer survivors and 87.3% of those with no cancer history did not meet the CDC guidelines. After adjusting for sex, age, race, education and chronic conditions, cancer survivors were 1.7 (95% CI: 1.0, 2.9) times more likely than those with no cancer history to fail to meet CDC guidelines for physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Neither the general population nor cancer survivors met the CDC guidelines for physical activity. Cancer survivors were less likely to meet recommendations and may need tailored interventions designed to take into account comorbid conditions to increase their physical activity levels.

Oxidative stress in response to forearm ischemia-reperfusion with and without carnitine administration.

UNLABELLED: We have recently noted a decrease in lipid peroxidation with oral intake of glycine propionyl-L-carnitine (GPLC). However, these findings were observed at rest, and in previously sedentary subjects. METHODS: We determined the effect of GPLC on oxidative stress biomarkers at rest and in response to reactive hyperemia in exercise-trained men. Using a double-blind, crossover design, 15 healthy men were assigned to a placebo and GPLC (4.5 g/day) in random order, for four weeks, with a two-week washout between assignments. Blood samples were collected at rest and at 0, 3, and 10 minutes following a protocol of ischemia-reperfusion, and analyzed for lactate, malondialdehyde (MDA), F(2)-isoprostanes (F(2)-iso), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), xanthine oxidase activity (XO), hypoxanthine (HYPO), total (TGSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, and Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). RESULTS: No condition or condition by time interaction effects were noted (p>0.05). Time effects were noted for lactate (p<0.0001), MDA (p=0.02), H(2)O(2) (p=0.0003), XO (p=0.03), HYPO (p<0.0001), TGSH (p=0.02), and GSSG (p<0.0001), with peak values noted at 0 minutes post for lactate, MDA, TGSH, and GSSG, at 3 minutes post for H(2)O(2) and XO, and at 10 minutes post for HYPO. F(2)-iso and TEAC were unaffected by treatment or protocol (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Short-term ischemia-reperfusion in trained men results in a modest and transient increase in selected blood oxidative stress biomarkers. Oral GPLC supplementation does not attenuate the increase in these biomarkers.

Oxidative stress in response to aerobic and anaerobic power testing: influence of exercise training and carnitine supplementation.

The purpose of this study is to compare the oxidative stress response to aerobic and anaerobic power testing, and to determine the impact of exercise training with or without glycine propionyl-L-carnitine (GPLC) in attenuating the oxidative stress response. Thirty-two subjects were assigned (double blind) to placebo, GPLC-1 (1g PLC/d), GPLC-3 (3g PLC/d) for 8 weeks, plus aerobic exercise. Aerobic (graded exercise test: GXT) and anaerobic (Wingate cycle) power tests were performed before and following the intervention. Blood was taken before and immediately following exercise tests and analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and xanthine oxidase activity (XO). No interaction effects were noted. MDA was minimally effected by exercise but lower at rest for both GPLC groups following the intervention (p = 0.044). A time main effect was noted for H2O2 (p = 0.05) and XO (p = 0.003), with values increasing from pre- to postexercise. Both aerobic and anaerobic power testing increase oxidative stress to a similar extent. Exercise training plus GPLC can decrease resting MDA, but it has little impact on exercise-induced oxidative stress biomarkers.

Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine modulates lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in human subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of glycine propionyl-L-carnitine (GPLC) to decrease lipid peroxidation, elevate nitric oxide, and improve blood lipid profiles in human subjects. METHODS: Thirty untrained, normolipidemic subjects performed eight weeks of supervised aerobic exercise while supplementing GPLC at one of two doses (1 or 3 grams daily of PLC + glycine) or placebo, following random assignment in a double-blind manner. Fasting blood samples were analyzed at rest for malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and lipids before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Malondialdehyde was decreased (p<0.05) from pre- to post-intervention with 1 g GPLC (1.08+/-0.24 vs. 0.69+/-0.25 micromol.L (-1)) and 3 g GPLC (0.94+/-0.18 vs. 0.66+/-0.17 micromol.L (-1)), but did not change statistically (p>0.05) with placebo (1.12+/-0.21 vs. 1.03+/-0.23 micromol.L (-1)). Nitric oxide was increased (p<0.05) from pre- to post-intervention with 3 g GPLC (21.34+/-2.27 vs. 29.46+/-3.61 micromol.L (-1)), but did not change statistically (p>0.05) with 1 g GPLC (23.22+/-4.13 vs. 26.24+/-4.32 micromol.L (-1)) or placebo (24.31+/-3.90 vs. 26.14+/-4.11 micromol.L (-1)). No main effects or interaction effects were noted for blood lipids (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: GPLC supplementation combined with eight weeks of aerobic exercise decreases lipid peroxidation and elevates nitric oxide, but does not further improve blood lipid profiles in normolipidemic subjects.