This is an older men's world: A qualitative study of men's experiences with prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer is highly prevalent and invasive among older men. Not knowing their experiences hampers care and support to men with prostate cancer and prostate cancer survivors. This study aims to provide insight into older men's experiences with prostate cancer in order to improve personalised care. METHODS: A qualitative research design through semi-structured interviews with 22 older men with prostate cancer was conducted in two areas of the Netherlands in 2015. Patients were selected through systematic non-probabilistic sampling. The transcripts were analysed with conventional content analysis and affinity diagramming. RESULTS: Four themes emerged from the data: impact of prostate cancer, dealing with prostate cancer and treatment, involvement of and with others, and experiences with professional care and the care trajectory. The way patients dealt with prostate cancer and their experiences with the care they received varied. Overall, hospital care was rated positively, and communication was a crucial determinant of the patient's satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Some patients lacked information about their health status, which may have influenced decision-making processes. Some were reluctant to talk about their disease with other people and sometimes hesitated to ask for help. CONCLUSION: Despite many positive care experiences, some patients felt that the communication, information provision and decision-making were inadequate. Vulnerable patients with severe complications or limited social support may need additional psychosocial care. Lowering the threshold for patients to ask for help and the availability of a professional with expert knowledge about prostate cancer and ageing may decrease unnecessary hardship and increase personal strengths.

Patient navigation and activation interventions for elderly patients with cancer: A systematic review.

Patient navigation (PN) and patient activation (PA) interventions are widely used to help patients with cancer to manage the disease and the care trajectory. However, the usability and impact of these interventions on older patients and their well-being are unclear. This study aims to show which PN and PA interventions are being used and what impact they have. After systematically searching the literature, we assessed the quality of the publications we found. The publications had to involve at least a subgroup of older people with minimally one abnormal oncologic test result each, and they had to focus on PN or PA interventions. Six PA publications examined the interventions exclusively for elderly patients. Each of the 11 PN and PA publications contained at least one comment about the impact on older patients. The types of impact varied substantially, but there was scant attention to the quality of life. The type of intervention, the outcome measures and the quality of publications also varied considerably. Generally, age is not an important factor in PN and PA studies. To facilitate adjustment of navigation and activation interventions to the individual patient, more rigorous research into the impact of PN and PA interventions on older patients is necessary.

Person-centred care and job satisfaction of caregivers in nursing homes: a systematic review of the impact of different forms of person-centred care on various dimensions of job satisfaction.

OBJECTIVE: The positive effects of person-centred care on older clients have been demonstrated. However, relatively little is known about the effect that giving person-centred care has on caregivers. This literature review examines the job satisfaction of caregivers who deliver person-centred care in nursing homes. DESIGN: The research questions are: Do the various forms of person-centred care affect job satisfaction differently? Which particular dimensions of job satisfaction have been evaluated in studies on person-centred care, and does their sensitivity to person-centred care differ? Using the search engines Pubmed, Cinahl, Psychinfo and Embase up to August 2010, 46 efficacy studies were found, seven of which satisfied our criteria. RESULTS: Emotion-oriented care, snoezelen, and small-scale care most often show positive effects on job satisfaction. Person-centred care has been shown to have positive effects on general job satisfaction, job demands at psychogeriatric wards, emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. CONCLUSIONS: Taking into account the fair-to-moderate quality of the studies included, it is concluded that there are limited indications that person-centred care has a positive effect on a number of dimensions of caregivers' job satisfaction. Further study is required to expand and to support these tentative conclusions.

Black tea reduces diarrhoea prevalence but decreases growth performance in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-infected post-weaning piglets.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a main cause of diarrhoea in humans and piglets. In vitro, black tea extract (BTE) has anti-pathogenic properties. Anti-diarrhoeal properties of BTE were assessed in a pig model of gastrointestinal infection. At weaning (day 0), piglets (n = 96) were randomly assigned to a diet containing 0% (control), 0.4% or 0.8% (wt/wt) BTE during 27 days. Piglets were orally infected with 6.4 × 10(6) cfu of ETEC on day 6. Faecal consistency, feed intake and body weight were measured. In a sub-study (n = 30 piglets), the effect of BTE palatability on feed intake was assessed. Additionally, the effect of BTE on ETEC growth in the presence or absence of iron was studied in vitro. The 0.8% BTE diet reduced diarrhoea prevalence by 20% but also decreased feed intake by 16% and feed efficiency by 12% over the total period. The 0.4% BTE diet decreased feed efficiency and weight gain from day 13 onwards. The palatability study demonstrated that piglets preferred the control to the BTE diets. In vitro, BTE delayed ETEC exponential growth, which was reversed by iron addition. Although BTE had anti-diarrhoeal properties, this effect was accompanied by impaired performance. The absence of a correlation between diarrhoea prevalence and feed intake suggests that reduced diarrhoea directly results from BTE rather than from reduced feed intake caused by BTE astringency.

[Searching for rest in one's soul: the experience of mental health complaints in older Moroccan immigrants]. / Op zoek naar rust in de ziel Rahat el baal. De beleving van problemen met de geestelijke gezondheid van Marokkaanse ouderen.

The number of Moroccan elderly in the Netherlands is growing. Although many have mental health problems, the mental health services have difficulties in reaching them. This study reports on the experience of mental health problems of elderly Moroccan migrants, their search for help and their view on the role of the mental health services. Twenty-two Moroccan elderly (11 men, 11 women) aged 55-75 were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire. From the interviews and observations it appeared that these elderly experience their health as bad. When asked, they deny mental health problems. Stress and dejection are not experienced as relating to mental health but as part of life associated with ageing, living in a foreign country, having physical, social and financial problems. The elderly feel that God sets them these tasks to overcome by themselves. Achieving rest in one's soul is central in this process. There is a taboo on serious mental health problems and people are ashamed of them. Only people who neglect religious prescriptions can to be affected by mental health problems. The elderly Moroccans hardly consult mental health services for these problems because then it would become clear that they cannot overcome their problems by themselves. Furthermore, the mental health services are unknown. Therefore, those services have to pay attention to the specific experience of mental complaints of elderly Moroccans. By offering psycho-education the mental health services may come within reach of those elderly.

Preslaughter handling effects on pork quality and glycolytic potential in two muscles differing in fiber type composition.

The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of transportation, lairage, and preslaughter stressor treatment on glycolytic potential and pork quality of the glycolytic longissimus and the oxidative supraspinatus (SSP) or serratus ventralis (SV) muscles. In a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, 384 pigs were assigned randomly either to short (50 min) and smooth or long (3 h) and rough transport, long (3 h) or short (< 45 min) lairage, and minimal or high preslaughter stress. Muscle samples were taken from the LM at 135 min and from the SSP at 160 min postmortem for determination of the glycolytic potential and rate of glycolysis. At 23 h postmortem, pork quality was assessed in the LM and the SV. Effects of transport and lairage conditions were similar in both muscle types. Long transport increased (P < 0.01) the glycolytic potential and muscle lactate concentrations compared with short transport. Both long transportation and short lairage decreased (P < 0.01) redness (a* values) and yellowness (b* values) of the LM and SV. In combination with short lairage, long transport decreased (P < 0.05) pork lightness (lower L* values), and electrical conductivity was increased (P < 0.05) after long transport. Several interactions between stress level and muscle type (P < 0.001) were observed. High preslaughter stress decreased (P < 0.001) muscle glycogen in both the LM and SSP, but this decrease was greater in the LM. Lactate concentrations were increased (P < 0.001) only in the LM by high preslaughter stress. Increases in ultimate pH (P < 0.001) and decreases in a* values (P < 0.01) were greatest in the SV, whereas increases in electrical conductivity (P < 0.001) were greatest in the LM. The lack of interactions among transportation, lairage, and muscle type was attributed to the relatively minor differences in stress among treatments. It was concluded that, in glycolytic muscle types such as the LM, the high physical and psychological stress levels associated with stress in the immediate preslaughter period have a greater effect on the water-holding capacity of the meat and may promote PSE development. Conversely, oxidative muscle types tend to have higher ultimate pH values and produce DFD pork in response to intense physical activity and/or high psychological stress levels preslaughter.

Negative effects of stress immediately before slaughter on pork quality are aggravated by suboptimal transport and lairage conditions.

The objectives of the present experiment were 1) to study the effects of transport conditions and lairage duration on stress level, muscle glycolytic potential, and pork quality; and 2) to investigate whether the negative effects of high stress immediately preslaughter are affected by preceding handling factors (transport and lairage). In a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, halothane-free pigs (n = 384) were assigned to either short (50 min) and smooth or long (3 h) and rough transport; long (3 h) or short (<45 min) lairage; and minimal or high preslaughter stress. Pigs were processed in eight groups (48 pigs per group) on various days at a commercial plant. Blood samples were taken at exsanguination to measure plasma cortisol and lactate concentrations. Muscle pH and temperature were measured at 30 and 40 min, respectively, and both were measured at 3 h, postmortem. A LM sample was taken 135 min postmortem to estimate glycogen content and rate of glycolysis. Pork quality attributes were assessed 23 h postmortem. Short transport increased cortisol when followed by short lairage (transport x lairage; P < 0.01). Long transport, but not lairage (P > 0.30), tended to increase (P = 0.06) muscle glycolytic potential. Long transport tended to increase (P = 0.08) electrical conductivity, and decreased a* (P < 0.01) and b* (P < 0.02) values. Decreasing lairage from 3 h to <45 min decreased (P < 0.05) the L* value, but it did not (P > 0.10) affect other pork quality traits. High stress decreased (P < 0.001) muscle glycolytic potential, and increased (P < 0.001) plasma lactate, cortisol, muscle temperature, rate of pH decline, and ultimate pH. Except for decreased (P < 0.001) b* values, pork color was not (P > 0.40) affected by high stress, but water-holding properties (measured by electrical conductivity, filter paper moisture, and drip loss) were impaired (P < 0.001) by high stress. Fiber optic-measured light scattering and Warner-Bratzler shear force were not (P > 0.12) affected by any treatment. Comparisons with the "optimal" handling (short transport, long lairage, and minimal stress) revealed that, with regard to water-holding properties, the negative effects of high stress were aggravated by suboptimal transport and lairage conditions. High stress alone increased electrical conductivity by 56%, whereas high stress in combination with short lairage led to an 88% increase. However, high preslaughter stress contributed most and was the major factor responsible for reductions in pork quality.

Op zoek naar rust in de ziel Rahat el baal : De beleving van problemen met de geestelijke gezondheid van Marokkaanse ouderen.

Searching for rest in one's soul: the experience of mental health complaints in older Moroccan immigrants The number of Moroccan elderly in the Netherlands is growing. Although many have mental health problems, the mental health services have difficulties in reaching them. This study reports on the experience of mental health problems of elderly Moroccan migrants, their search for help and their view on the role of the mental health services. Twenty-two Moroccan elderly (11 men, 11 women) aged 55-75 were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire. From the interviews and observations it appeared that these elderly experience their health as bad. When asked, they deny mental health problems. Stress and dejection are not experienced as relating to mental health but as part of life associated with ageing, living in a foreign country, having physical, social and financial problems. The elderly feel that God sets them these tasks to overcome by themselves. Achieving rest in one's soul is central in this process. There is a taboo on serious mental health problems and people are ashamed of them. Only people who neglect religious prescriptions can to be affected by mental health problems. The elderly Moroccans hardly consult mental health services for these problems because then it would become clear that they cannot overcome their problems by themselves. Furthermore, the mental health services are unknown. Therefore, those services have to pay attention to the specific experience of mental complaints of elderly Moroccans. By offering psycho-education the mental health services may come within reach of those elderly.

Prevalence and risk-factors for depression in elderly Turkish and Moroccan migrants in the Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: Western societies host increasing number of elderly labour migrants from Turkey and Morocco. The article studied the prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms among elderly Turkish and Moroccan migrants compared with native Dutch elderly and if differences in prevalence rates were explained by known risk factors for depression and/or ethnic, migration-related factors. METHODS: 330 Turkish, 299 Moroccan, and 304 Dutch elderly (55-74 years) were interviewed (cross-sectionally) using the Center for Epidemiologic Depression Scale (CES-D). Potential risk factors included sex, income level, marital status, ethnic origin, chronic physical illnesses, limitations in daily functioning, migration and acculturation questions. RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported depressive symptoms (CES-D>or=16) was very high in elderly migrants, 33.6% for Moroccan and 61.5% for Turkish elderly. The prevalence of depressive symptoms in the native Dutch sample was similar to earlier studies in the Netherlands and abroad: 14.5%. Among migrants education and income level was very low and they had a high number of physical limitations and chronic medical illnesses. This only explained part of the ethnic differences found. In all three samples, depressive symptoms were associated with sex, chronic physical illness and physical limitations. In multivariate analysis, ethnic origin was uniquely associated with the presence of clinically significant depressive symptoms. Only a small number of remigration and acculturation items were associated with depressive symptoms in bivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms among elderly migrants from Turkey and Morocco in the Netherlands is very high. Ethnicity was a strong independent risk factor.

Depression in first generation labour migrants in Western Europe: the utility of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).

OBJECTIVE: The number of elderly migrants from Turkish and Moroccan descent in Western Europe will increase sharply in the coming decades. Identifying depressed elderly migrants necessitates a screening instrument that is both acceptable and has good psychometric properties. This study examines the utility of Turkish and Arabic translations of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) among elderly labour migrants from Turkish and Moroccan descent in the Netherlands. METHOD: The data were derived from a community based health survey among 304 native Dutch, 330 Turkish and 299 Moroccan migrants, aged 55-74 years, living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Acceptability, reliability, convergent and construct validity were studied. RESULTS: Acceptability of the CES-D was satisfactory, although Moroccan migrants and Turkish females had difficulty answering one or more of the (interpersonal) items from the CES-D. Translated versions of the CES-D proved to be highly internal consistent and have good convergent validity in both Turkish and Moroccan elderly. Depressed and somatic items were much more intermingled in Turkish and Moroccan elderly compared to earlier studies and native Dutch elderly. This fits to the hypothesis that Turkish and Moroccan elderly migrants tend to somatize their depressive symptoms much more than native Western elderly. CONCLUSION: The utility of the CES-D for elderly migrants of Turkish and Moroccan descent was found to be satisfactory.

Preslaughter stress and muscle energy largely determine pork quality at two commercial processing plants.

The objective of the present experiment was to study physiological changes elicited in response to stress in the immediate preslaughter period and to link them to pork quality characteristics. Crossbred, halothane-free pigs (n = 192) were processed in eight groups (24 pigs per group) on various days at one of two commercial processing plants operating different stunning systems (electrical and CO2 stunning in Plants A and B, respectively). In each group, half the pigs were exposed to either minimal or high preslaughter stress. Blood samples were taken at exsanguination, and lactate, cortisol, and catecholamines, as well as blood pH and temperature, were assessed and linked to various longissimus muscle quality attributes. Additionally, muscle pH and temperature were measured 30 min postmortem, and muscle glycolytic potential was determined 22 h postmortem. At both processing plants, high preslaughter stress resulted in higher (P < 0.05) blood cortisol and lactate; however, the effects of preslaughter stress on catecholamines and blood pH were believed to be biased by the different stunning methods employed at the plants. High preslaughter stress increased (P < 0.05) blood temperature at Plant A but not at Plant B. At both plants, high stress increased (P < 0.05) 30-min muscle temperature and decreased (P < 0.05) 30-min muscle pH. Ultimate pH was increased (P < 0.05) and muscle glycolytic potential was decreased (P < 0.05) by high preslaughter stress. At both plants, high stress resulted in inferior pork quality attributes (P < 0.05), including reflectance, electrical conductivity, filter paper moisture, drip loss, and L* value. The effect of stress was greater on water-holding capacity than on pork color, with drip losses increased by 56%. Of all stress indicators measured at exsanguination, only blood lactate was strongly correlated with pork quality attributes. Regression analyses revealed that blood lactate and glycolytic potential accounted for 52 and 48% of the variation in drip loss and L* value, respectively. In combination with high preslaughter stress, high glycolytic potentials were related to increased drip losses. We conclude that high preslaughter stress leads to impaired pork quality, with high muscle energy levels aggravating the negative effects of preslaughter stress. Monitoring stress level by blood lactate measurement in combination with strategies to control muscle energy present at slaughter may help to improve meat quality.

Rapid chilling cannot prevent inferior pork quality caused by high preslaughter stress.

The present experiment investigated whether increasing chilling rate could improve meat quality in pigs exposed to either minimal or high stress immediately preslaughter. Pigs (n = 192) were offspring of halothane-free lines. On various days, four groups of 48 pigs were processed at a commercial plant. Within each group, half the pigs were exposed to either minimal or high preslaughter stress. Before entering the cooler at 45 min postmortem, carcasses of both minimal and high preslaughter stress treatments were allocated randomly to either conventional (+4 degrees C for 22 h) or rapid (three-phase chilling tunnel: -15, -10, and -1 degrees C for 15, 38, and 38 min, respectively, followed by storage at 4 degrees C until 22 h postmortem) chilling. Temperature and pH were measured in the blood at exsanguination and in the longissimus lumborum (LL) and semimembranosus (SM) muscle at 0.5, 2.5, 4.5, 6.5, and 22 h postmortem. Meat quality attributes (water-holding capacity and objective color measurements) were assessed on the LL. Preslaughter stress level affected pH and temperature in both blood and muscle, with lower (P < 0.001) pH values and higher (P < 0.001) temperatures for pigs exposed to high vs. minimal stress. Rapid chilling led to a faster (P < 0.001) temperature decline regardless of preslaughter stress level. Rapid chilling did not (P > 0.05) influence the rate of pH decline in the LL muscle, but reduced (P = 0.061) pH decline in the SM. Rapid chilling, as opposed to conventional chilling, decreased (P < 0.05) electrical conductivity in the LL, regardless of preslaughter stress; however, it could not compensate for the detrimental effect (P < 0.05) of stress on drip loss, filter paper moisture absorption, and meat color (L* value). Results from the present study indicated that increasing chilling rate is not a suitable method to resolve pork quality problems caused by inadequate preslaughter handling.

Cognitive functioning and health as determinants of mortality in an older population.

The authors studied whether the ability of cognitive functioning to predict mortality is pervasive or specific, and they considered the role of health in the cognition-mortality association. Data were taken from a sample of 2,380 persons aged 55-85 years who took part in the Netherlands' Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam in 1992-1993. Five cognitive measures were distinguished: general cognitive functioning, information processing speed, fluid intelligence, learning, and proportion retained. Mortality data were obtained during an average follow-up period of 1,215 days. Cox proportional hazards regression models revealed that all cognitive functions predicted mortality independent of age, sex, education, and depressive symptoms. When health (self-rated health, medication use, physical performance, functional limitations, lung function, specific chronic diseases) was also taken into account, information processing speed, fluid intelligence, and proportion retained remained independent predictors of mortality, whereas the ability of general cognitive functioning and learning to determine mortality was lost. The authors concluded that the ability of cognitive functioning to predict mortality is pervasive to all cognitive functions that were included in the study when age, sex, education, and depressive symptoms are considered and is more specific to some functions when also controlling for health.

[Normal values for a short form of the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices]. / Gebruiksgegevens voor een korte vorm van de Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices.

Psychometric data are presented for the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM), shortened to series A and B. The data were derived from a sample of 2791 persons aged 55 to 85 years. Six 5-year age strata were equally represented, as well as both sexes. The distribution of educational attainment was representative for the elderly population. Norms were stratified for age and education; gender differences were too small to necessitate separate norms. Analysis of reliability according to Mokken's IRT-model indicated modest scalability, but high internal consistency. A loss of 2 to 4 points at retest (depending on personal characteristics) is interpretable as a loss of capacity. Ample attention is paid to qualitative aspects of test performance, but it is concluded that error analysis is mainly useful to def1p4 positional preferences.

The inhibitory effect of carboxymethylcellulose with high viscosity on lipid absorption in broiler chickens coincides with reduced bile salt concentration and raised microbial numbers in the small intestine.

Two diets, with or without a nonfermentable carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) with high viscosity, were fed to broiler chickens beginning at 2 wk of age to study whether the anti-nutritive effect of gelling fibers on lipid digestibility may be associated with reduced intestinal bile salt concentration. Moreover, the microflora were examined to study whether possible changes in bile salt concentration coincide with alterations in microbial numbers. Carboxymethylcellulose depressed apparent lipid digestibility (P = 0.021). Feed intake and weight gain were not significantly affected. Water intake was increased in birds fed the CMC diet (P = 0.039). Bile acid concentration in small intestinal digesta was decreased (P = 0.047) in birds fed the CMC diet, which may have been caused by the increased water content of digesta (P < 0.001). The concentration of bile acids per gram dry matter or per milligram chromium was not reduced in small intestinal contents. Broiler chickens fed the CMC diet excreted more bile acids in the excreta (P < 0.001). Total aerobic and anaerobic microbial counts in the intestinal digesta were significantly increased in the duodenum plus jejunum (P = 0.038) but not in the ileum. Significant increases were found in the numbers of Clostridia (P = 0.017), Lactobacillus (P = 0.009), Bacteroides (P = 0.022), and yeasts and molds (P = 0.012). The present study supports the hypothesis that a nonfermentable gelling fiber (CMC) decreases apparent lipid digestibility by reducing the concentration of bile acids in the chyme in broiler chickens. Moreover, the ingestion of gelling fibers may increase the bacterial activity in the small intestine, which may further contribute to malabsorption of lipids.

Norms for an abbreviated Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices in an older sample.

Percentile age norms for ages 55 to 85 using overlapping intervals at specified age midpoints are presented for the sum scores of sections A and B of Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM). The representative age and gender stratified sample (N = 2,815) used is derived from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (the Netherlands). As RCPM scores appear to be strongly associated with education, percentile norms for three educational levels are presented: low (0-9 years), middle (10-15 years) and high (16 years and more).

Cognitive and emotional predictors of disablement in older adults.

This study focused on the association between aspects of emotional and cognitive functioning and two stages of the disablement process model, functional limitations, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) disability. The age- and sex-stratified sample aged 55 to 89 years consisted of 100 inhabitants of a small Dutch town who scored 24 or higher on the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Controlling for background factors (health problems, age, education, and gender), depressive symptoms and fluid intelligence were independently associated with functional limitations. Of the cognitive functions, only everyday memory was independently associated with IADL disability. Emotional functioning was not independently associated with IADL disability. These findings expand on the disablement process model and demonstrate the importance of emotional functioning, fluid intelligence, and everyday memory for the disablement process.

Dietary carboxymethylcellulose with high instead of low viscosity reduces macronutrient digestion in broiler chickens.

The question addressed was whether the viscosity per se of dietary non-starch polysaccharides influences macronutrient digestion in broiler chickens. Water-soluble carboxymethylcellulose preparations of low (LCMC) or high viscosity (HCMC) were fed to broiler chickens (n = 10/group) from 21 to 35 d of age. The HCMC preparations reduced weight gain and raised water intake compared with LCMC. After the HCMC diet was fed, viscosity of the supernatant of small intestinal contents was significantly raised. The HCMC preparations raised the group mean ATP concentration in the digesta of duodenum plus jejunum, indicating that bacterial activity was increased. Consumption of HCMC depressed apparent fecal digestibility of lipids and nitrogen and also apparent ileal digestibility of starch. The dietary HCMC tended (P = 0.077) to reduce plasma triglyceride concentrations. After HCMC consumption, the weights of the small intestine and colon, without or with contents, were elevated. The data indicate that high viscosity of digesta in broiler chickens is associated with a reduced macronutrient digestion and impaired growth performance. Because the carboxymethylcellulose preparations were nonfermentable by fresh feces, we suggest that HCMC reduces macronutrient digestion by raising the viscosity of small intestinal contents, which is associated with enhanced bacterial fermentation due to accumulation of undigested material.

Personality: a moderator of the relation between cognitive functioning and depression in adults aged 55-85?

Previous studies found modest associations between cognitive functioning and depressive symptoms in community samples of older adults. Low levels of cognitive functioning are associated with depressive symptoms. The present study investigates whether personality (locus of control and neuroticism) moderates this relation, and whether gender-differences in moderating effects can be established. The study is based on data of the baseline sample of 3107 participants of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), which was age (55-85 years) and sex-stratified. Multiple regression analyses are used to detect moderating effects. The findings show modest effects, indicating that personality is a moderator of the relation between cognitive functioning and depressive symptoms, particularly in women. In women, a relatively strong internal locus of control is protective of becoming depressed when experiencing impairment in general cognitive functioning (MMSE), and impairment in fluid intelligence and information processing speed. In men, a low level of neuroticism is protective of becoming depressed when experiencing memory impairment. If these findings are replicated and extended in future studies, pertinent interventions such as cognitive therapy or memory training may be designed to alleviate depressive symptoms.

Well-being and control in older persons: the prediction of well-being from control measures.

The interrelation of six facets of control and their ability to predict well-being in older persons were studied in an age and gender stratified community sample aged fifty-five to eighty-nine. An extended conceptual framework of control facets is introduced including "established" facets, such as mastery, self-efficacy and internal health locus of control and "new" control facets such as neuroticism, social inadequacy, and sense of coherence. An interview and a postal questionnaire included measures of the control facets and the Affect Balance Scale. Correlations between control measures were mostly modest. Negative affect was predicted by neuroticism and sense of coherence. Tendencies of independent association of mastery with global well-being and of social inadequacy with positive affect were established.