Expression of mRNA for inducible NO synthase in human brain.

We studied expression of inducible NO synthase gene in human brain under conditions of acute or chronic intoxication. Acute alcohol intoxication was accompanied by changes in enzyme expression in certain brain structures.

Peptide nucleic acid-assisted topological labeling of duplex dna.

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are a family of synthetic polyamide mimics of nucleic acids that offer a variety of applications. Pyrimidine bis-PNAs can be used for rational design of novel interlocked DNA nanostructures, earring labels, representing locked pseudorotaxanes or locked catenanes. These structures are created through DNA ligase-mediated catenation of duplex DNA with a circularized oligonucleotide tag at a designated DNA site. The assembly is performed via formation of the PD-loop consisting of a pair of bis-PNA openers and the probe oligonucleotide. The openers locally expose one of the two strands of duplex DNA for hybridizing the probe, whose termini are complementary to the displaced DNA strand. After hybridization, they are in juxtaposition and can subsequently be linked by DNA ligase. As a result, a true topological link forms at a precise position on the DNA double helix yielding locked, earring-like label. DNA topological labeling can be done both in solution and, for longer templates, within the agarose gel plug. Accordingly, highly localized DNA detection with rolling circle amplification of hybridization signal and effective micromanipulations with DNA duplexes become possible through precise spatial positioning of various ligands on the DNA scaffold.

An artificial primosome: design, function, and applications.

Double-stranded (ds) DNA is capable of the sequence-specific accommodation of an additional oligodeoxyribonucleotide strand by the peptide nucleic acid(PNA)-assisted formation of a so-called PD-loop. We demonstrate here that the PD-loop may function as an artificial primosome within linear, nonsupercoiled DNA duplexes. DNA polymerase with its strand displacement activity uses this construct to initiate the primer extension reaction at a designated dsDNA site. The primer is extended by several hundred nucleotides. The efficiency of dsDNA priming by the artificial primosome assembly is comparable to the single-stranded DNA priming used in various assays. The ability of the PD-loop structure to perform like an artificial primosome on linear dsDNA may find applications in biochemistry, molecular biology, and molecular biotechnology, as well as for DNA diagnostics. In particular, multiple labels can be incorporated into a chosen dsDNA site resulting in ultrasensitive direct quantification of specific sequences. Furthermore, nondenaturing dsDNA sequencing proceeds from the PD-loop. This approach opens the way to direct isothermal reading of the DNA sequence against a background of unrelated DNA, thereby eliminating the need for purification of the target DNA.