A Novel Rolling Circle Amplification-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2 with Multi-Region Padlock Hybridization.

SARS-CoV-2 has remained a global health burden, primarily due to the continuous evolution of different mutant strains. These mutations present challenges to the detection of the virus, as the target genes of qPCR, the standard diagnostic method, may possess sequence alterations. In this study, we develop an isothermal one-step detection method using rolling circle amplification (RCA) for SARS-CoV-2. This novel strategy utilizes a multi-padlock (MP-RCA) approach to detect viral-RNA via a simplified procedure with the reliable detection of mutated strains over other procedures. We designed 40 padlock-based probes to target different sequences across the SARS-CoV-2 genome. We established an optimal one-step isothermal reaction protocol utilizing a fluorescent output detected via a plate reader to test a variety of padlock combinations. This method was tested on RNA samples collected from nasal swabs and validated via PCR. S-gene target failure (SGTF)-mutated strains of SARS-CoV-2 were included. We demonstrated that the sensitivity of our assay was linearly proportional to the number of padlock probes used. With the 40-padlock combination the MP-RCA assay was able to correctly detect 45 out 55 positive samples (81.8% efficiency). This included 10 samples with SGTF mutations which we were able to detect as positive with 100% efficiency. We found that the MP-RCA approach improves the sensitivity of the MP-RCA assay, and critically, allows for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants with SGTF. Our method offers the simplicity of the reaction and requires basic equipment compared to standard qPCR. This method provides an alternative approach to overcome the challenges of detecting SARS-CoV-2 and other rapidly mutating viruses.

Influence of the AlSi7Mg0.6 Aluminium Alloy Powder Reuse on the Quality and Mechanical Properties of LPBF Samples.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is dynamically developing and finding applications in different industries. The quality of input material is a part of the process and of the final product quality. That is why understanding the influence of powder reuse on the properties of bulk specimens is crucial for ensuring the repeatable AM process chain. The presented study investigated the possibility of continuous reuse of AlSi7Mg0.6 powder in the laser powder bed fusion process (LPBF). To date, there is no study of AlSi7Mg0.6 powder reuse in the LPBF process to be found in the literature. This study aims to respond to this gap. The five batches of AlSi7Mg0.6 powder and five bulk LPBF samples series were characterised using different techniques. The following characteristics of powders were analysed: the powder size distribution (PSD), the morphology (scanning electron microscopy-SEM), the flowability (rotating drum analysis), and laser light absorption (spectrophotometry). Bulk samples were characterised for microstructure (SEM), chemical composition (X-ray fluorescence spectrometry-XRF), porosity (computed tomography-CT) and mechanical properties (tensile, hardness). The powder was reused in subsequent processes without adding (recycling/rejuvenation) virgin powder (collective ageing powder reuse strategy). All tested powders (powders P0-P4) and bulk samples (series S0-S3) show repeatable properties, with changes observed within error limits. Samples manufactured within the fifth reuse cycle (series S4) showed some mean value changes of measured characteristics indicating initial degradation. However, these changes also mostly fit within error limits. Therefore, the collective ageing powder reuse strategy is considered to give repeatable LPBF process results and is recommended for the AlSi7Mg0.6 alloy within at least five consecutive LPBF processes.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the southern calanoid copepod Calanus simillimus Giesbrecht, 1902.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Calanus simillimus is 27,876 bp in length (GenBank accession OK500294) and containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes. The gene order is novel compared to other Calanus species and copepods with sequenced mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that C. simillimus represent a fourth group within Calanus genus in addition to C. hyperboreus, C. finmarchicus and C. helgolandicus groups. The complete mitochondrial genome of C. simillimus will be useful for species identification, population genetics, phylogenetic and evolutionary studies among copepods.

Insights into the species evolution of Calanus copepods in the northern seas revealed by de novo transcriptome sequencing.

Copepods of the zooplankton genus Calanus play a key role in marine ecosystems in the northern seas. Although being among the most studied organisms on Earth, due to their ecological importance, genomic resources for Calanus spp. remain scarce, mostly due to their large genome size (from 6 to 12 Gbps). As an alternative to whole-genome sequencing in Calanus spp., we sequenced and de novo assembled transcriptomes of five Calanus species: Calanus glacialis, C. hyperboreus, C. marshallae, C. pacificus, and C. helgolandicus. Functional assignment of protein families based on clusters of orthologous genes (COG) and gene ontology (GO) annotations showed analogous patterns of protein functions across species. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood (ML) of 191 protein-coding genes mined from RNA-seq data fully resolved evolutionary relationships among seven Calanus species investigated (five species sequenced for this study and two species with published datasets), with gene and site concordance factors showing that 109 out of 191 protein-coding genes support a separation between three groups: the C. finmarchicus group (including C. finmarchicus, C. glacialis, and C. marshallae), the C. helgolandicus group (including C. helgolandicus, C. sinicus, and C. pacificus) and the monophyletic C. hyperboreus group. The tree topology obtained in ML analyses was similar to a previously proposed phylogeny based on morphological criteria and cleared certain ambiguities from past studies on evolutionary relationships among Calanus species.

Material Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing of Poly(Lactic Acid) Antibacterial Filaments-A Case Study of Antimicrobial Properties.

In the era of the coronavirus pandemic, one of the most demanding areas was the supply of healthcare systems in essential Personal Protection Equipment (PPE), including face-shields and hands-free door openers. This need, impossible to fill by traditional manufacturing methods, was met by implementing of such emerging technologies as additive manufacturing (AM/3D printing). In this article, Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments for Fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology in the context of the antibacterial properties of finished products were analyzed. The methodology included 2D radiography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis to determine the presence of antimicrobial additives in the material and their impact on such hospital pathogens as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Clostridium difficile. The results show that not all tested materials displayed the expected antimicrobial properties after processing in FFF technology. The results showed that in the case of specific species of bacteria, the FFF samples, produced using the declared antibacterial materials, may even stimulate the microbial growth. The novelty of the results relies on methodological approach exceeding scope of ISO 22196 standard and is based on tests with three different species of bacteria in two types of media simulating common body fluids that can be found on frequently touched, nosocomial surfaces. The data presented in this article is of pivotal meaning taking under consideration the increasing interest in application of such products in the clinical setting.

Adaptation of Temperate Seagrass to Arctic Light Relies on Seasonal Acclimatization of Carbon Capture and Metabolism.

Due to rising global surface temperatures, Arctic habitats are becoming thermally suitable for temperate species. Whether a temperate species can immigrate into an ice-free Arctic depends on its ability to tolerate extreme seasonal fluctuations in daylength. Thus, understanding adaptations to polar light conditions can improve the realism of models predicting poleward range expansions in response to climate change. Plant adaptations to polar light have rarely been studied and remain unknown in seagrasses. If these ecosystem engineers can migrate polewards, seagrasses will enrich biodiversity, and carbon capture potential in shallow coastal regions of the Arctic. Eelgrass (Zostera marina) is the most widely distributed seagrass in the northern hemisphere. As the only seagrass species growing as far north as 70°N, it is the most likely candidate to first immigrate into an ice-free Arctic. Here, we describe seasonal (and diurnal) changes in photosynthetic characteristics, and in genome-wide gene expression patterns under strong annual fluctuations of daylength. We compared PAM measurements and RNA-seq data between two populations at the longest and shortest day of the year: (1) a Mediterranean population exposed to moderate annual fluctuations of 10-14 h daylength and (2) an Arctic population exposed to high annual fluctuations of 0-24 h daylength. Most of the gene expression specificities of the Arctic population were found in functions of the organelles (chloroplast and mitochondrion). In winter, Arctic eelgrass conserves energy by repressing respiration and reducing photosynthetic energy fluxes. Although light-reactions, and genes involved in carbon capture and carbon storage were upregulated in summer, enzymes involved in CO2 fixation and chlorophyll-synthesis were upregulated in winter, suggesting that winter metabolism relies not only on stored energy resources but also on active use of dim light conditions. Eelgrass is unable to use excessive amounts of light during summer and demonstrates a significant reduction in photosynthetic performance under long daylengths, possibly to prevent photoinhibition constrains. Our study identified key mechanisms that allow eelgrass to survive under Arctic light conditions and paves the way for experimental research to predict whether and up to which latitude eelgrass can potentially migrate polewards in response to climate change.

Evaluation of Inconel 718 Metallic Powder to Optimize the Reuse of Powder and to Improve the Performance and Sustainability of the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) Process.

In this paper, a detailed assessment of Inconel 718 powder, with varying degrees of degradation due to repeated use in the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process, has been undertaken. Four states of IN718 powder (virgin, used, overflow and spatter) were characterized in terms of their morphology, flowability and physico-chemical properties. Studies showed that used and overflow powders were almost identical. The fine particle-size distribution of the virgin powder, in which 50% of particles were found to be below the nominal particle-size distribution (PSD), was recognized as the main reason for its lower flowability and the main cause of the differentiation between virgin, used and overflow powders. Only spatter powder was found to be degraded enough to preclude its direct LPBF reuse. The oxygen content in the spatter powder exceeded the limit value for IN718 by 290 ppm, and aluminum oxide spots were found on the spatter particles surfaces. Laser absorption analysis showed 10 pp higher laser absorption compared to the other powders. The results of evaluation showed that IN718 powder is resistant to multiple uses in the LPBF process. Due to the low degradation rate of IN718 powder, overflow powder can be re-enabled for multiple uses with a proper recycling strategy.

The Seagrass Methylome Is Associated With Variation in Photosynthetic Performance Among Clonal Shoots.

Evolutionary theory predicts that clonal organisms are more susceptible to extinction than sexually reproducing organisms, due to low genetic variation and slow rates of evolution. In agreement, conservation management considers genetic variation as the ultimate measure of a population's ability to survive over time. However, clonal plants are among the oldest living organisms on our planet. Here, we test the hypothesis that clonal seagrass meadows display epigenetic variation that complements genetic variation as a source of phenotypic variation. In a clonal meadow of the seagrass Zostera marina, we characterized DNA methylation among 42 shoots. We also sequenced the whole genome of 10 shoots to correlate methylation patterns with photosynthetic performance under exposure to and recovery from 27°C, while controlling for somatic mutations. Here, we show for the first time that clonal seagrass shoots display DNA methylation variation that is independent from underlying genetic variation, and associated with variation in photosynthetic performance under experimental conditions. It remains unknown to what degree this association could be influenced by epigenetic responses to transplantation-related stress, given that the methylomes showed a strong shift under acclimation to laboratory conditions. The lack of untreated control samples in the heat stress experiment did not allow us to distinguish methylome shifts induced by acclimation from such induced by heat stress. Notwithstanding, the co-variation in DNA methylation and photosynthetic performance may be linked via gene expression because methylation patterns varied in functionally relevant genes involved in photosynthesis, and in the repair and prevention of heat-induced protein damage. While genotypic diversity has been shown to enhance stress resilience in seagrass meadows, we suggest that epigenetic variation plays a similar role in meadows dominated by a single genotype. Consequently, conservation management of clonal plants should consider epigenetic variation as indicator of resilience and stability.

Proteomic and Transcriptomic Patterns during Lipid Remodeling in Nannochloropsis gaditana.

Nutrient limited conditions are common in natural phytoplankton communities and are often used to increase the yield of lipids from industrial microalgae cultivations. Here we studied the effects of bioavailable nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deprivation on the proteome and transcriptome of the oleaginous marine microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana. Turbidostat cultures were used to selectively apply either N or P deprivation, controlling for variables including the light intensity. Global (cell-wide) changes in the proteome were measured using Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) and LC-MS/MS, whilst gene transcript expression of the same samples was quantified by Illumina RNA-sequencing. We detected 3423 proteins, where 1543 and 113 proteins showed significant changes in abundance in N and P treatments, respectively. The analysis includes the global correlation between proteomic and transcriptomic data, the regulation of subcellular proteomes in different compartments, gene/protein functional groups, and metabolic pathways. The results show that triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation under nitrogen deprivation was associated with substantial downregulation of protein synthesis and photosynthetic activity. Oil accumulation was also accompanied by a diverse set of responses including the upregulation of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), lipase, and lipid body associated proteins. Deprivation of phosphorus had comparatively fewer, weaker effects, some of which were linked to the remodeling of respiratory metabolism.

Novel genomic resources for shelled pteropods: a draft genome and target capture probes for Limacina bulimoides, tested for cross-species relevance.

BACKGROUND: Pteropods are planktonic gastropods that are considered as bio-indicators to monitor impacts of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems. In order to gain insight into their adaptive potential to future environmental changes, it is critical to use adequate molecular tools to delimit species and population boundaries and to assess their genetic connectivity. We developed a set of target capture probes to investigate genetic variation across their large-sized genome using a population genomics approach. Target capture is less limited by DNA amount and quality than other genome-reduced representation protocols, and has the potential for application on closely related species based on probes designed from one species. RESULTS: We generated the first draft genome of a pteropod, Limacina bulimoides, resulting in a fragmented assembly of 2.9 Gbp. Using this assembly and a transcriptome as a reference, we designed a set of 2899 genome-wide target capture probes for L. bulimoides. The set of probes includes 2812 single copy nuclear targets, the 28S rDNA sequence, ten mitochondrial genes, 35 candidate biomineralisation genes, and 41 non-coding regions. The capture reaction performed with these probes was highly efficient with 97% of the targets recovered on the focal species. A total of 137,938 single nucleotide polymorphism markers were obtained from the captured sequences across a test panel of nine individuals. The probes set was also tested on four related species: L. trochiformis, L. lesueurii, L. helicina, and Heliconoides inflatus, showing an exponential decrease in capture efficiency with increased genetic distance from the focal species. Sixty-two targets were sufficiently conserved to be recovered consistently across all five species. CONCLUSION: The target capture protocol used in this study was effective in capturing genome-wide variation in the focal species L. bulimoides, suitable for population genomic analyses, while providing insights into conserved genomic regions in related species. The present study provides new genomic resources for pteropods and supports the use of target capture-based protocols to efficiently characterise genomic variation in small non-model organisms with large genomes.

In a comfort zone and beyond-Ecological plasticity of key marine mediators.

Copepods of the genus Calanus are the key components of zooplankton. Understanding their response to a changing climate is crucial to predict the functioning of future warmer high-latitude ecosystems. Although specific Calanus species are morphologically very similar, they have different life strategies and roles in ecosystems. In this study, C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis were thoroughly studied with regard to their plasticity in morphology and ecology both in their preferred original water mass (Atlantic vs. Arctic side of the Polar Front) and in suboptimal conditions (due to, e.g., temperature, turbidity, and competition in Hornsund fjord). Our observations show that "at the same place and time," both species can reach different sizes, take on different pigmentation, be in different states of population development, utilize different reproductive versus lipid accumulation strategies, and thrive on different foods. Size was proven to be a very mutable morphological trait, especially with regard to reduced length of C. glacialis. Both species exhibited pronounced red pigmentation when inhabiting their preferred water mass. In other domains, C. finmarchicus individuals tended to be paler than C. glacialis individuals. Gonad maturation and population development indicated mixed reproductive strategies, although a surprisingly similar population age structure of the two co-occurring species in the fjord was observed. Lipid accumulation was high and not species-specific, and its variability was due to diet differences of the populations. According to the stable isotope composition, both species had a more herbivorous diatom-based diet in their original water masses. While the diet of C. glacialis was rather consistent among the domains studied, C. finmarchicus exhibited much higher variability in its feeding history (based on lipid composition). Our results show that the plasticity of both Calanus species is indeed impressive and may be regulated differently, depending on whether they live in their "comfort zone" or beyond it.

Towards population genomics in non-model species with large genomes: a case study of the marine zooplankton Calanus finmarchicus.

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies and the development of genome-reduced representation protocols have opened the way to genome-wide population studies in non-model species. However, species with large genomes remain challenging, hampering the development of genomic resources for a number of taxa including marine arthropods. Here, we developed a genome-reduced representation method for the ecologically important marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus (haploid genome size of 6.34 Gbp). We optimized a capture enrichment-based protocol based on 2656 single-copy genes, yielding a total of 154 087 high-quality SNPs in C. finmarchicus including 62 372 in common among the three locations tested. The set of capture probes was also successfully applied to the congeneric C. glacialis. Preliminary analyses of these markers revealed similar levels of genetic diversity between the two Calanus species, while populations of C. glacialis showed stronger genetic structure compared to C. finmarchicus. Using this powerful set of markers, we did not detect any evidence of hybridization between C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis. Finally, we propose a shortened version of our protocol, offering a promising solution for population genomics studies in non-model species with large genomes.

Genetics redraws pelagic biogeography of Calanus.

Planktonic copepods of the genus Calanus play a central role in North Atlantic/Arctic marine food webs. Here, using molecular markers, we redrew the distributional ranges of Calanus species inhabiting the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and revealed much wider and more broadly overlapping distributions than previously described. The Arctic shelf species, C. glacialis, dominated the zooplankton assemblage of many Norwegian fjords, where only C. finmarchicus has been reported previously. In these fjords, high occurrences of the Arctic species C. hyperboreus were also found. Molecular markers revealed that the most common method of species identification, prosome length, cannot reliably discriminate the species in Norwegian fjords. Differences in degree of genetic differentiation among fjord populations of the two species suggested that C. glacialis is a more permanent resident of the fjords than C. finmarchicus We found no evidence of hybridization between the species. Our results indicate a critical need for the wider use of molecular markers to reliably identify and discriminate these morphologically similar copepod species, which serve as important indicators of climate responses.

The fate of the Arctic seaweed Fucus distichus under climate change: an ecological niche modeling approach.

Rising temperatures are predicted to melt all perennial ice cover in the Arctic by the end of this century, thus opening up suitable habitat for temperate and subarctic species. Canopy-forming seaweeds provide an ideal system to predict the potential impact of climate-change on rocky-shore ecosystems, given their direct dependence on temperature and their key role in the ecological system. Our primary objective was to predict the climate-change induced range-shift of Fucus distichus, the dominant canopy-forming macroalga in the Arctic and subarctic rocky intertidal. More specifically, we asked: which Arctic/subarctic and cold-temperate shores of the northern hemisphere will display the greatest distributional change of F. distichus and how will this affect niche overlap with seaweeds from temperate regions? We used the program MAXENT to develop correlative ecological niche models with dominant range-limiting factors and 169 occurrence records. Using three climate-change scenarios, we projected habitat suitability of F. distichus - and its niche overlap with three dominant temperate macroalgae - until year 2200. Maximum sea surface temperature was identified as the most important factor in limiting the fundamental niche of F. distichus. Rising temperatures were predicted to have low impact on the species' southern distribution limits, but to shift its northern distribution limits poleward into the high Arctic. In cold-temperate to subarctic regions, new areas of niche overlap were predicted between F. distichus and intertidal macroalgae immigrating from the south. While climate-change threatens intertidal seaweeds in warm-temperate regions, seaweed meadows will likely flourish in the Arctic intertidal. Although this enriches biodiversity and opens up new seaweed-harvesting grounds, it will also trigger unpredictable changes in the structure and functioning of the Arctic intertidal ecosystem.

Variation in thermal stress response in two populations of the brown seaweed, Fucus distichus, from the Arctic and subarctic intertidal.

It is unclear whether intertidal organisms are 'preadapted' to cope with the increase of temperature and temperature variability or if they are currently at their thermal tolerance limits. To address the dichotomy, we focused on an important ecosystem engineer of the Arctic intertidal rocky shores, the seaweed Fucus distichus and investigated thermal stress responses of two populations from different temperature regimes (Svalbard and Kirkenes, Norway). Thermal stress responses at 20°C, 24°C and 28°C were assessed by measuring photosynthetic performance and expression of heat shock protein (HSP) genes (shsp, hsp90 and hsp70). We detected population-specific responses between the two populations of F. distichus, as the Svalbard population revealed a smaller decrease in photosynthesis performance but a greater activation of molecular defence mechanisms (indicated by a wider repertoire of HSP genes and their stronger upregulation) compared with the Kirkenes population. Although the temperatures used in our study exceed temperatures encountered by F. distichus at the study sites, we believe response to these temperatures may serve as a proxy for the species' potential to respond to climate-related stresses.

Ultrasensitive detection of DNA and protein markers in cancer cells.

Cancer cells differ from normal cells in various parameters, and these differences are caused by genomic mutations and consequential altered gene expression. The genetic and functional heterogeneity of tumor cells is a major challenge in cancer research, detection, and effective treatment. As such, the use of diagnostic methods is important to reveal this heterogeneity at the single-cell level. Droplet microfluidic devices are effective tools that provide exceptional sensitivity for analyzing single cells and molecules. In this review, we highlight two novel methods that employ droplet microfluidics for ultra-sensitive detection of nucleic acids and protein markers in cancer cells. We also discuss the future practical applications of these methods.

A universal method for labeling native RNA in live bacterial cells.

The spectrum of RNA functions in the cell continues to widen and new types of RNA molecules continue to be discovered. However, methods to access and manipulate endogenous RNAs in live cells are limited. Here we describe a universal technique for labeling natural RNAs in live cells with the probes synthesized by the cell. The method is based on fluorescent protein complementation in combination with a split aptamer approach. Two RNA probes containing split aptamer sequences flanked with the antisense RNA target sequences are assembled on the target RNA to form a fluorescent ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. The mechanism of complex formation ensures highly sensitive RNA detection allowing visualization of endogenous bacterial mRNAs. We demonstrate the great potential of this method by detecting chromosomally low-level expressed unmodified bacterial mRNA in living bacterial cells. This method holds promise to become a broadly used tool in basic research, and eventually in diagnostics and therapeutics.

Visual detection of bacterial pathogens via PNA-based padlock probe assembly and isothermal amplification of DNAzymes.

We have developed a self-reporting isothermal system for visual bacterial pathogen detection with single base resolution. The new DNA diagnostic is based on combination of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) technology, rolling circle amplification (RCA) and DNAzymes. PNAs are used as exceedingly selective chemical tools that bind genomic DNA at a predetermined sequence under nondenaturing conditions. After assembly of the PNA-DNA construct a padlock probe is circularized on the free strand. The probe incorporates a G-quadruplex structure flanked by nicking enzyme recognition sites. The assembled circle serves as a template for a novel hybrid RCA strategy that allows for exponential amplification and production of short single-stranded DNA pieces. These DNA fragments fold into G-quadruplex structures and when complexed with hemin become functional DNAzymes. The catalytic activity of each DNAzyme unit leads to colorimetric detection and provides the second amplification step. The combination of PNA, RCA, and DNAzymes allows for sequence-specific and highly sensitive detection of bacteria with a colorimetric output observed with the naked eye. Herein, we apply this method for the discrimination of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Clostridium difficile genomes.

Thermal stress resistance of the brown alga Fucus serratus along the North-Atlantic coast: acclimatization potential to climate change.

Seaweed-dominated communities are predicted to disappear south of 45° latitude on North-Atlantic rocky shores by 2200 because of climate change. The extent of predicted habitat loss, however, could be mitigated if the seaweeds' physiology is sufficiently plastic to rapidly acclimatize to the warmer temperatures. The main objectives of this study were to identify whether the thermal tolerance of the canopy-forming seaweed Fucus serratus is population-specific and where temperatures are likely to exceed its tolerance limits in the next 200 years. We measured the stress response of seaweed samples from four populations (Norway, Denmark, Brittany and Spain) to common-garden heat stress (20 °C-36 °C) in both photosynthetic performance and transcriptomic upregulation of heat shock protein genes. The two stress indicators did not correlate and likely measured different cellular components of the stress response, but both indicators revealed population-specific differences, suggesting ecotypic differentiation. Our results confirmed that thermal extremes will regularly reach physiologically stressful levels in Brittany (France) and further south by the end of the 22nd century. Although heat stress resilience in photosynthetic performance was higher at the species' southern distributional edge in Spain, the hsp expression pattern suggested that this edge-population experienced reduced fitness and limited responsiveness to further stressors. Thus, F. serratus may be unable to mitigate its predicted northward shift and may be at high risk to lose its center of genetic diversity and adaptability in Brittany (France). As it is an important intertidal key species, the disappearance of this seaweed will likely trigger major ecological changes in the entire associated ecosystem.