The Dental Aesthetic Index and Its Association with Dental Caries, Dental Plaque and Socio-Demographic Variables in Schoolchildren Aged 12 and 15 Years.

The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) was determined in 12- and 15-year-old schoolchildren to ascertain the prevalence of malocclusion and to assess its association with dental caries experience, dental plaque accumulation, and socio-demographic variables. We performed a cross-sectional study with a stratified two-stage sampling design. An oral health survey and oral examination were conducted, and socio-demographic data were recorded. The sample comprised 1453 schoolchildren aged 12 (868) and 15 (585). These two samples were analyzed separately because statistically significant differences were found: the 12-year-old age group displayed a higher frequency of schoolchildren who attended state-run public schools (p = 0.004) and belonged to a lower social class (p = 0.001); the 15-year-old age group registered higher levels of caries (p = 0.001) and lower levels of dental plaque (p < 0.001). The malocclusion was 9.5% higher (p = 0.001), and the global mean DAI score was likewise higher among the 12-year-olds (p < 0.001). The multivariate regression analysis not only showed that caries and dental plaque were the variables that were the most strongly associated with malocclusion, but that caries (OR = 1.5) and dental plaque (OR > 2) were also risk factors for malocclusion in both groups. In conclusion, this study revealed a higher prevalence of malocclusion and dental plaque at age 12. A higher risk of caries and dental plaque was found to be related to the presence of malocclusion in both age groups.

Predictive factors of the dimensions and location of mental foramen using cone beam computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: The mental foramen (MF) hosts main neurovascular structures, making it of crucial importance for surgical procedures. This study aimed to analyze the factors influencing the dimensions and location of the MF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 344 patients were examined for MF dimensions, as well as for the distances from the MF to the alveolar crest (MF-MSB), and to the inferior mandibular border (MF-MIB). RESULTS: Gender, mandibular side and presence of accessory mental foramina (AMF) significantly influence MF area. Males, left hemimandibles, and hemimandibles with no AMF had a higher rate of large MF areas (B = - 0.60; p = 0.003, females; B = 0.55; p = 0.005; B = 0.85; p = 0.038). Age, gender and dental status significantly influence MF-MSB distance. The distance decreased as age increased (B = -0.054; p = 0.001), females showed a lower rate of long MF-MSB distances (B = -0.94, p = 0.001), and dentate patients showed a higher rate of long MF-MSB distances (B = 2.27; p = 0.001). Age, gender and emerging angle significantly influenced MF-MIB distance. The distance decreased as age and emerging angle increased (B = -0.01; p = 0.001; B = -0.03; p = 0.001), and females had a lower rate of long MF-MIB distances (B = -1.94, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: General and local factors influence the dimensions and location of MF. MF dimensions are influenced by gender, mandibular side, anteroposterior position, and the presence of AMF. Distance from MF to alveolar crest is influenced by gender, age and dental status, while the relative MF position is influenced by age and dental status. CBCT images make it possible to analyze the MF in order to avoid complications during surgical procedures.

Critical anatomic region of nasopalatine canal based on tridimensional analysis: cone beam computed tomography.

The study aim of this was to define the critical anatomic region of the premaxilla by evaluating dimensions of nasopalatine canal, buccal bone plate (BBP) and palatal bone plate (PBP). 230 CBCTs were selected with both, one or no upper central incisors present (+/+, -/+, -/-) and periodontal condition was evaluated. T-student test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and a multivariant-linear regression model (MLRM) were used. Regarding gender, significant differences at level 1 (lower NC) were found for: buccal-palatal, transversal and sagittal NC diameters, and NC length (NCL). Regarding dental status, significant differences were found for: total BBP length (tBL) and PBP width (PW2) at level 2 (NCL midpoint). NCL was correlated with PW2, tBL, and PBP length at level 3 (foramina of Stenson level). An MLRM had a high prediction value for NCL (69.3%). Gender is related to NC dimensions. Dental status has an influence on BBP dimensions, but does not influence on NC and PBP. Periodontal condition should be evaluated for precise premaxillae analysis NC diameters at the three anatomical planes are related to each other, while NCL is related to BBP and PBP lengths. A third of premaxilla is taken up by NC, thus, establishing the critical anatomic region.

Tabaco y salud oral en estudiantes de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela / Oral health and tobacco in students at Santiago de Compostela University

Objetivo. Describir los hábitos de salud oral y consumo de tabaco en los estudiantes de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal en estudiantes universitarios mediante encuesta sobre hábitos de salud oral y tabaco, exploración de la cavidad oral y determinación de monóxido de carbono (CO) en aire espirado. Resultados. Se realizaron 1279 encuestas, el 27´5% a hombres y el 72´5% a mujeres. La media de edad fue de 21´4 años. Nueve de cada diez sujetos dice que se lava los dientes después de cada comida y el 8 de cada diez que le dedica más de un minuto a su higiene oral en cada cepillado. El número medio de cepillos dentales utilizados en un año fue superior a 3. Prácticamente el 100% de los encuestados ha acudido alguna vez al dentista por diferentes motivos. Se realizaron 342 exploraciones bucodentales, en las que se halló un índice CAOD superior a 3 y un índice de restauración próximo al 70%. Con respecto al hábito de fumar, el 32´4% dice que fuma en la actualidad, con una media de 11´15 cigarrillos al día. La edad media de inicio de consumo fue a los 16 años. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en ninguna de las variables estudiadas entre fumadores y no fumadores excepto en las tinciones dentarias y en la cantidad de pasta utilizada. La media de CO en aire espirado fue de 12,6 en los fumadores. Conclusiones. En los universitarios hay un elevado grado de concienciación sobre hábitos de salud oral y consumo de tabaco, mayor que en la población general de esa edad. No se observan diferencias en los hábitos ni en el estado de salud oral entre fumadores y no fumadores (AU)

Objective. The aim of this study was to describe the habits related to oral health and to determine the patterns of tobacco smoking among students at the University of Santiago de Compostela. Material and Methods. Advanced students in dentistry carried out a survey on habits and an examination of the oral cavity of their peers. They also determined CO concentration in exhaled air. Results. The questionnaires were answered by 1279 students, 27.5% of which were male and 72.5% female. The mean age of the sample was 21.4 years. Among respondents, 90% washed their teeth after eating, above 80% spent more than 1 minute in their oral hygiene and used an average of more than 3 toothbrushes per year. Nearly 100% of the sample visited the dentist. We performed 342 examinations which resulted in a DMF rate of 3.71 and a restoration rate of 70.8%; 32.4% of the population smoked an average of 11.5 cigarettes per day. The most frequent starting age of the habit was 16 years-old. No significant differences were found between smokers and non smokers for most of the studied variables with the exceptions of the presence of discolored teeth, the amount of toothpaste used for brushing teeth and the subjective perception of oral health. The average value of expired CO in smokers was 12.6. Conclusions. Among students of our university there is a high degree of awareness concerning oral health. Tobacco smoking habit is less frequent than in the general population in the same age range. There were no differences between smokers and non smokers for oral health and oral health habits (AU)

Tabaco y salud oral en estudiantes de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela / Oral health and tobacco in students at Santiago de Compostela University

Objetivo. Describir los hábitos de salud oral y consumo de tabaco en los estudiantes de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal en estudiantes universitarios mediante encuesta sobre hábitos de salud oral y tabaco, exploración de la cavidad oral y determinación de monóxido de carbono (CO) en aire espirado. Resultados. Se realizaron 1279 encuestas, el 27´5% a hombres y el 72´5% a mujeres. La media de edad fue de 21´4 años. Nueve de cada diez sujetos dice que se lava los dientes después de cada comida y el 8 de cada diez que le dedica más de un minuto a su higiene oral en cada cepillado. El número medio de cepillos dentales utilizados en un año fue superior a 3. Prácticamente el 100% de los encuestados ha acudido alguna vez al dentista por diferentes motivos. Se realizaron 342 exploraciones bucodentales, en las que se halló un índice CAOD superior a 3 y un índice de restauración próximo al 70%. Con respecto al hábito de fumar, el 32´4% dice que fuma en la actualidad, con una media de 11´15 cigarrillos al día. La edad media de inicio de consumo fue a los 16 años. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en ninguna de las variables estudiadas entre fumadores y no fumadores excepto en las tinciones dentarias y en la cantidad de pasta utilizada. La media de CO en aire espirado fue de 12,6 en los fumadores. Conclusiones. En los universitarios hay un elevado grado de concienciación sobre hábitos de salud oral y consumo de tabaco, mayor que en la población general de esa edad. No se observan diferencias en los hábitos ni en el estado de salud oral entre fumadores y no fumadores

Objective. The aim of this study was to describe the habits related to oral health and to determine the patterns of tobacco smoking among students at the University of Santiago de Compostela. Material and Methods. Advanced students in dentistry carried out a survey on habits and an examination of the oral cavity of their peers. They also determined CO concentration in exhaled air. Results. The questionnaires were answered by 1279 students, 27.5% of which were male and 72.5% female. The mean age of the sample was 21.4 years. Among respondents, 90% washed their teeth after eating, above 80% spent more than 1 minute in their oral hygiene and used an average of more than 3 toothbrushes per year. Nearly 100% of the sample visited the dentist. We performed 342 examinations which resulted in a DMF rate of 3.71 and a restoration rate of 70.8%; 32.4% of the population smoked an average of 11.5 cigarettes per day. The most frequent starting age of the habit was 16 years-old. No significant differences were found between smokers and non smokers for most of the studied variables with the exceptions of the presence of discolored teeth, the amount of toothpaste used for brushing teeth and the subjective perception of oral health. The average value of expired CO in smokers was 12.6. Conclusions. Among students of our university there is a high degree of awareness concerning oral health. Tobacco smoking habit is less frequent than in the general population in the same age range. There were no differences between smokers and non smokers for oral health and oral health habits

Angular photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissue facial profile.

All medical specialties interested in improving facial appearance need to measure the face to quantify the desired facial changes. The purpose of this investigation was to obtain objective average measurements of the soft tissue facial profile to use them as a guide for aesthetic treatment goals. The analysis of the soft tissue facial profile from photographic records provides information on the morphology of the profile and its relationship with the underlying dentoskeletal tissues. In this investigation the soft tissue facial profile of a young adult European Caucasian population (212 individual, 50 males and 162 females, 18-20 years of age) was studied by means of standardized photographic records taken in the natural head position (NHP). Angular measurements were analysed digitally. Sexual dimorphism was found for several angles: nasofrontal (G-N-Prn: P < 0.01), vertical nasal (Cm-Sn/N-Prn: P < 0.01), nasal (N-Prn/TV: P < 0.01), nasal dorsum (N-Mn-Prn: P < 0.05), and mandibular contour (C-Me/G-Pg: P < 0.01). Wide individual variations in nasolabial and mentolabial angles were also observed.

Linear photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissue facial profile.

This study digitally analyzes the soft tissue facial profile of a European white population of young adults by means of linear measurements made on standardized photographic records taken in natural head position. The application of the Student t test showed sexual dimorphism in most parameters of the labial, nasal, and chin areas. In general, males had greater heights and lengths as well as greater prominences of these 3 areas. They also had greater nasal and facial depths at the level of the tragus point.