Morphometric description of the feline radius and ulna generated from computed tomography.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe the length, internal and external diameters, cancellous bone volume and extent, and cortical thickness at predetermined locations in the radius and ulna of a cohort of skeletally mature, disease-free feline cadavers using radiography and computed tomography (CT). METHODS: Five feline cadavers were used (mean weight 3.31 kg, range 2.55-4.24 kg). Antebrachii (n = 10) were radiographed to confirm skeletal maturity and normal radiographic appearance prior to CT. Reconstructed CT images were used to measure bone length, cortical thickness, internal and external diameters, and cancellous extent. Cancellous bone volume was calculated automatically using OsiriX after manual segmentation (350-850 Hounsfield units window) from axial CT slices. RESULTS: CT images were used to measure bone length, cortical thickness, internal and external diameters, and cancellous extent and volume. Mean radial length was 95.89 mm (95% confidence interval [CI] 88.52-103.26 mm) and mean ulna length was 114.67 mm (95% CI 105.53-123.81 mm). The olecranon had the largest mean cancellous bone volume (94.16 mm(3); 95% CI 72.09-116.23 mm(3)) and it extended a mean of 13.12 mm (95% CI 11.73-14.51 mm) distally. The radius at the level of the trochlea and the ulna at the level of the coronoid processes had the largest external diameters, respectively. The medullary canal narrowed at the level of the coronoid processes and became cranially eccentric at the proximal third of the diaphysis. The cranial cortex at the level of the coronoid processes and the caudal cortex of the olecranon were markedly thicker than other cortices at those levels. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Morphometry of the feline antebrachium was described using CT, and should be a useful reference for future research investigations and clinical applications.

Carprofen-induced oxidative stress in mitochondria of the colonic mucosa of the dog.

The purpose of the study was to compare the conductance and mannitol permeability of canine colonic mucosa in response to carprofen or 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) with or without tempol pretreatment. Ten colonic mucosa sections per dog were mounted in Ussing chambers. Treatments were done in duplicate. Mucosa was exposed to carprofen (200 µg/mL) or DNP (0.25 mM), both with and without tempol (1 mM) pretreatment. Conductance was calculated every 15 min for 240 min. Mannitol flux was calculated over 3 consecutive 60-minute periods. Histology or electron microscopy was done after exposure. Conductance over time, mannitol flux, frequency of histologic categories, and electron microscopic changes were analyzed for treatment effects. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) conductance over time for carprofen or DNP-treated colons was not significantly different from control regardless of tempol pretreatment. Period 3 mannitol fluxes for carprofen and DNP-treated colon were not significantly different, but were greater than control. Period 3 mannitol flux for tempol + carprofen was significantly less than tempol + DNP-treated colon. Sloughing of cells and erosions were seen in the mucosa of carprofen-treated colon. Mitochondrial damage was seen more often in carprofen-treated than DNP-treated or control colon. Tempol pretreatment resulted in more ruptured mitochondria in the carprofen-treated colon; however, other mitochondrial changes were not significantly affected by tempol pretreatment in either carprofen or DNP treated colon. Treatment with carprofen or DNP increased the mannitol flux, but pretreatment with tempol mitigated the carprofen effect. It is apparent that structural mitochondrial damage occurs in the canine colonic mucosa after carprofen and DNP exposure.

L'objectif de la présente étude était de comparer la conductance et la perméabilité au mannitol de la muqueuse du côlon de chien en réponse au carprofène ou au 2,4-dinitrophénol (DNP) avec ou sans prétraitement au tempol. Dix sections de muqueuse du côlon par chien furent montées dans des chambres d'Ussing. Les traitements furent effectués en duplicata. La muqueuse fut exposée à du carprofène (200 µg/mL) ou du DNP (0,25 mM), chacun avec ou sans prétraitement (1 mM) au tempol. La conductance fut calculée à des intervalles de 15 minutes pour 240 minutes. Le flux de mannitol fut calculé sur trois périodes consécutives de 60 minutes. Un examen histologique ou par microscopie électronique fut effectué après l'exposition. La conductance dans le temps, le flux de mannitol, la fréquence des catégories histologiques, et les changements en microscopie électronique furent analysés pour les effets de traitement. La moyenne ± l'écart-type de la conductance dans le temps des côlons traités avec du carprofène ou du DNP n'était pas significativement différente des côlons témoins indépendamment d'un prétraitement au tempol. Les flux de mannitol à la période 3 pour les côlons traités avec du carprofène ou du DNP n'étaient pas significativement différents l'un de l'autre, mais étaient plus élevés que pour les témoins. Le flux de mannitol pour la période 3 pour le traitement tempol + carprofène était significativement moindre que celui des côlons traités avec DNP + tempol. La perte de cellules et des érosions furent observées dans la muqueuse des côlons traités avec du carprofène. Des dommages aux mitochondries ont été vus plus souvent dans les côlons traités avec du carprofène que ceux traités avec du DNP ou les témoins. Le prétraitement au tempol a résulté en plus de mitochondries rupturées dans les côlons traités avec du carprofène; toutefois, les autres dommages mitochondriaux n'étaient pas significativement affectés par un prétraitement au tempol autant pour les côlons traités avec du carprofène que du DNP. Un traitement avec du carprofène ou du DNP augmenta le flux de mannitol, mais le prétraitement avec du tempol a réduit l'effet du carprofène. Il est évident que des dommages mitochondriaux structuraux se produisent dans la muqueuse du côlon de chien suite à une exposition à du carprofrène ou du DNP.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).

Ex vivo comparison of three surgical techniques to stabilize canine cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifles.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify and compare canine stifle stability after 3 stabilization techniques. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Adult canine cadaveric pelvic limbs. METHODS: Total craniocaudal (CrCa) tibial translation quantified in stifles with the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) intact, transected, and stabilized with 1 of 3 techniques: (1) hamstring graft (HG); (2) modified retinacular imbrication (MRIT); (3) anatometric fascia lata translocation (AFLT). Tibial translation was quantified from radiographs generated during application of cranial and caudal forces to the tibia. After removal of all soft tissues except periarticular ligaments and fixation, CrCa tibial translation, as before, and medial-lateral rotation, via torsional loading, was quantified with an active motion analysis system. Total tibial translation was evaluated for effect of technique and cruciate status using mixed effect linear model with significance considered at P-value <.05. RESULTS: CrCa translation was not significantly different across stabilization techniques with CrCLs intact, transected, or after stabilization. Poststabilization translation was significantly less than posttransection for all techniques. Compared with the intact CrCL, CrCa translation poststabilization after HG was significantly greater whereas poststabilization after MRIT and AFLT was not significantly different. Tibial rotation exceeded instrumentation limits in 62.5% HG limbs, 20% MRIT limbs, and 60% AFLT limbs. CONCLUSIONS: All 3 stifle stabilization techniques confer comparable CrCa translational stability after CrCL disruption with that provided by the MRIT and AFLT techniques comparable to the intact CrCL. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The extra- and intracapsular techniques evaluated in this study reduced CrCa tibial translation in CrCL deficient stifles to varying amounts.

Frequency of urinary tract infection in catheterized dogs and comparison of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing results for catheterized and noncatheterized dogs with urinary tract infections.

OBJECTIVE: To determine frequency of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in catheterized dogs that had intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) or disease other than IVDD and compare bacterial culture and susceptibility testing results for catheterized and noncatheterized dogs with UTIs. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS: 147 catheterized dogs (105 with IVDD and 42 with other diseases) and 99 noncatheterized dogs with UTIs. PROCEDURES: Medical records were reviewed for signalment, history, clinical problem, duration of urinary tract catheterization, administration of drugs, and urine bacterial culture and susceptibility testing results. RESULTS: Forty-two percent (44/105) of dogs with IVDD and 55% (23/42) of dogs with other diseases had UTIs; this difference was not significant. For catheterized dogs, the odds of UTI were increased by 20% for each year increase in age, 27% for each day increase in duration of catheterization, and 454% with antimicrobial administration. Escherichia coli and Proteus spp were more frequently isolated from noncatheterized dogs, whereas Enterobacter spp and Staphylococcus spp were more frequently isolated from catheterized dogs. There was no significant difference in frequency of 1, 2, or 3 isolates between groups. Proportions of antimicrobials to which the most frequently isolated bacteria were resistant were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that urinary tract catheterization is a reasonable alternative for management of dogs with urinary bladder dysfunction, but that duration of catheterization should be minimized and indiscriminate antimicrobial administration to dogs with indwelling urinary catheters should be avoided.