Aquatic High Intensity Interval Deep Water Running Influence on Cardiometabolic Health and Cognitive Psychological Responses in Women.

ABSTRACT: Aquatic High Intensity Interval Training Deep water running (AHIIT-DWR) has the potential to improve cardiometabolic health and cognitive psychological responses, offering a reduced risk of injuries and greater affordability for inactive elderly women. Purpose: To investigate the effects of an 8-week AHIIT- DWR intervention compared to land-based HIT training (LHIIT) on cardiometabolic health, cognitive and psychological outcomes in inactive elderly women. Methods: Seventy inactive elderly women aged 60 or above were randomly assigned into two groups: AHIIT-DWR and LHIIT. The AHIIT-DWR group engaged in DWR sessions comprising 30-minutes of interval training, consisting of ten 2-minute exercise bouts at 80-90% of their maximal heart rate (HR max), with 1-minute active recovery at 70% HR max between bouts, for two sessions per week, for 8 weeks. The LHIIT group performed treadmill running at the same intensity. Results: Both groups showed similar cardiovascular fitness, maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), maximal HR and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) improvement (p > 0.05), while AHIIT-DWR showed a significant improvement in aerobic capacity minute ventilation (VE), metabolic equivalents (METs) and O2 pulse (p < 0.05) over the 8- week intervention. Both AHIIT-DWR and LHIIT significantly decreased triglycerides, total cholesterol. HDL, LDL post intervention (p < 0.05). No significant group differences were observed for cognitive function assessed by MMSE and MOCA, (p > 0.05). Both groups showed similar enjoyment levels, self-efficacy scores and high adherence rates (>90%). Conclusions: Our study suggests that AHIIT-DWR can elicit a similar improvement in cardiorespiratory health, metabolic blood markers, cognitive function assessed by MMSE and MOCA and psychological responses as LHIIT in inactive elderly women.

Psychometric testing of the Chinese version of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Measure of Participation and Activities Screener in people with stroke.

BACKGROUND: Clinicians need a validated measure to assess the activity and participation of Chinese people with stroke. OBJECTIVES: To culturally adapt and psychometrically test the Chinese (Cantonese) version of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Measure of Participation and Activities (C-IMPACT-S) in community-dwelling people with stroke. METHODS: We followed the standard translation procedures to culturally adapt the C-IMPACT-S. Then we administered the C-IMPACT-S to 100 people with stroke and 50 healthy counterparts for psychometric testing, including the ceiling and floor effects, internal consistency, test - retest, measurement error, minimal detectable change, correlations with other outcome measures, known-group validity and optimal cutoff scores. RESULTS: The C-IMPACT-S has no floor effects but ceiling effects in item 5. It has poor to excellent (Cronbach's α = 0.56-95) internal consistency and fair to excellent (Intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.58-1.00) test-retest reliability. The overall C-IMPACT-S mean score and activity and participation component mean scores had statistically significant no to weak correlations with the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, the Chinese versions of Geriatric Depression Scale, Fatigue Assessment Scale, Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale and Community Integration Measure. The stroke participants had lower C-IMPACT-S scores then their health counterparts. The optimal cutoff scores of the overall C-IMPACT-S and activity and participation domains were 88.02% (sensitivity 72%, specificity 80%), 80.56% (sensitivity 86%, specificity 68%) and 91.67% (sensitivity 68%, specificity 80%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: C-IMPACT-S is a reliable and valid measure for assessing the levels of activity and participation of people with chronic stroke.

Association between time spent on smartphones and digital eye strain: A 1-year prospective observational study among Hong Kong children and adolescents.

Prolonged electronic screen use can cause digital eye strain. It can be difficult to rectify due to increasing smartphone reliance, potentially leading to serious public health problems. To investigate the association between time spent on smartphones and digital eye strain (DES) among Hong Kong Chinese school-aged children. Of a total of 1,508 students (748 males, 49.6%) from 8 to 14 years old (mean age = 10.91 years, SD = 2.01) who provided valid data on DES, the 1,298 (86%) who completed the DES questionnaire at 1-year follow-up were included in the analysis. DES was measured using a 10-item scale, and the sum of the 10 dichotomised scores was used as the DES total score. The most commonly reported symptoms were eye fatigue (n = 804, 53.3%), blurred vision (changing from reading to distance viewing) (n = 586, 38.9%), and irritated or burning eyes (n = 516, 34.2%). The DES total scores at baseline and 1-year follow-up were 2.91 (SD = 2.90) and 3.20 (SD = 3.19), respectively. Linear regression controlling for demographic and socio-economic confounders showed that participants with baseline smartphone usage of 241 + min/d had a significantly higher baseline total DES score than those with baseline smartphone usage of 0-60 min/d (2.44 vs 3.21, P < 0.001), and participants with baseline smartphone usage of 181-240 min/d had a significantly higher 1-year follow-up total DES score than those with baseline smartphone usage of 0-60 min/d (2.80 vs 3.50, P = 0.003).

Assessing the Turning Ability during Walking in People with Stroke Using L Test.

BACKGROUND: The L Test of Functional Mobility (L Test) was developed to assess the advanced mobility, which includes both turning and walking ability. This study aimed to evaluate (1) the intra-rater reliability of the L Test in four turning conditions, (2) the correlation with other stroke-specific impairment for community-dwelling older adults with stroke, and (3) the optimal cut-off completion time of the L Test to distinguish the difference of performance between healthy older adults and people with stroke. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional design. Thirty older adults with stroke and healthy older adults were included. The subjects were assessed by L Test along with other stroke-specific outcomes. RESULTS: The L Test showed excellent intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.945-0.978) for the four turning conditions. There were significant correlations between L Test completion times and Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Lower Extremity (FMA-LE) scores, Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) scores, Berg Balance Scale (BBS) score, and Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test scores. The cut-off of the L Test was established as 23.41-24.13 s. CONCLUSION: The L Test is an easy-to-administer clinical test for assessing the turning ability of people with stroke.

Lower Limb Muscles' Activation during Ascending and Descending a Single Step-Up Movement: Comparison between In water and On land Exercise at Different Step Cadences in Young Injury-Free Adults.

(1) Background: Forward step-up (FSU) simulates the stance phase in stair ascension. With the benefits of physical properties of water, aquatic FSU exercise may be more suitable for patients with lower limb weakness or pain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of progressive steps per min on the surface electromyography (sEMG) of gluteus maximus (GM), biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), and gastrocnemius (GA), when performing FSU exercise with different steps per min in water and on land. (2) Methods: Participants (N = 20) were instructed to perform FSU exercises at different steps per min (35, 60, and 95 bpm) in water and on land. The sEMG of the tested muscles were collected. The percentage maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC) of GM, RF, GA and BF at different environments and steps per min was compared. (3) Result: There was a statistically significant difference of %MVIC of RF at all steps per min comparisons regardless of the movement phases and environments (p < 0.01, except for descending phases of 35 bpm vs. 60 bpm). All tested muscles showed a statistically significant lower muscle activation in water (p < 0.05) (4) Conclusion: This study found that the %MVIC of the tested muscle in both investigated environments increase as steps per minute increases. It is also found that the movement pattern of FSU exercise activates RF the most among all the tested muscles. Muscle activation of all tested muscles is also found to be smaller in water due to buoyancy property of water. Aquatic FSU exercise might be applicable to patients with lower limb weakness or knee osteoarthritis to improve their lower limb strength.

Effects of Aquatic versus Land High-Intensity Interval Training on Acute Cardiometabolic and Perceptive Responses in Healthy Young Women.

The effects of aquatic high-intensity interval training (AHIIT) on cardiometabolic and perceptive responses when compared to similar land-based exercise (LHIIT) remain unknown. Here, we aimed to (1) establish a matched intensity between mediums and (2) compare the acute cardiometabolic and perceptive responses to the two interventions in healthy young women. Twenty healthy young women performed a stationary running exercise at a matched exercise intensity. The incremental stages, in terms of percentage of heart rate (HR), maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max), percentage of oxygen uptake reserve (%VO2R), percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE), were examined and acute cardiometabolic and perceptive responses were evaluated. The results showed that HR was significantly reduced (AHIIT: W 150 ± 19, R 140 ± 18, LHIIT: W 167 ± 16, R 158 ± 16 p < 0.01) and oxygen pulse (AHIIT: W 12 ± 2, R 10 ± 2, LHIIT: W 11 ± 2, R 9 ± 2 p < 0.05) was significantly increased with AHIIT compared to LHIIT. No significant group differences were observed for the perceptive responses. The comparable results demonstrated by the aquatic and land incremental tests allow precise AHIIT and LHIIT prescriptions. AHIIT had distinct differences in HR and oxygen pulse, despite having no distinct difference from LHIIT for some cardiometabolic and affective responses.

A Study Comparing Gait and Lower Limb Muscle Activity During Aquatic Treadmill Running with Different Water Depth and Land Treadmill Running.

Aquatic treadmill running is a partial weight-bearing exercise for rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the surface electromyography activities of the rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris and medial head of gastrocnemius, and gait kinematics during aquatic treadmill running in water levels at waist, mid-thigh and mid-shin and on land. Seventeen healthy subjects (9 males and 8 females) were recruited by convenience sampling. Participants performed 2-min aquatic treadmill running at a specific speed for each water depth. The test speed was selected based upon the speed that elicited 110 steps per min. The surface electromyography data of lower limb muscles and the joint angles at three different water depths and on land were collected to evaluate the muscle activity and gait kinematics using a waterproofed surface electromyography system and inertial measurement unit for each muscle. Results showed that rectus femoris electromyography was different between depths during the swing and stance phases. Likewise, biceps femoris and tibialis anterior electromyography were different between depths for the swing phase. However, it was not the case for gastrocnemius electromyography. Peak flexion angles in both left and right hips were different between depths. A significant increase in a stance/swing ratio was observed with rising water depths. Water depth influenced muscle activity as well as kinematics. Aquatic treadmill running in the mid-thigh level should be further evaluated for its effectiveness, training value and applicability.

Effectiveness of Deep Water Running on Improving Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Function and Quality of Life: A Systematic Review.

Deep Water Running (DWR) is a form of aquatic aerobic exercise simulating the running patterns adopted on dry land. Little is known on the effectiveness of DWR despite gaining popularity. The objective of this study is to systematically review the effects of DWR on cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and quality of life in healthy and clinical populations. A systematic search was completed using six databases, including SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, Embase, and The Cochrane Library, up to February 2022. Eleven studies evaluating the effectiveness of DWR on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), physical function, or quality of life (QoL), compared with no interventions (or standard treatment) or land-based trainings were identified. Data relevant to the review questions were extracted by two independent reviewers when means and standard deviations were reported, and standardized mean differences were calculated. A quality assessment was conducted using selected items from the Downs and Black checklist. A total of 11 clinical trials (7 randomized controlled trials) with a total of 287 participants were included. Meta-analyses were not completed due to the high level of clinical and statistical heterogeneity between studies. Compared with land-based training, DWR showed similar effects on CRF with limited studies reporting outcomes of physical function and QoL compared with the no-exercise control group. DWR appears to be comparable to land-based training for improving CRF. The aquatic environment may provide some advantages for off-loaded exercise at high intensity in populations that are weak, injured or in pain, but more studies are required.

Using cervical movement velocity to assist the prediction of pain and functional recovery for people with chronic mechanical neck pain.

BACKGROUND: Impaired cervical kinematics particularly the movement velocity had been consistently found in people with neck pain. The recovery and potential of cervical movement velocity in assisting the prediction of recovery in individuals with chronic neck pain remained unknown. This study investigated the application of cervical movement velocity to predict the outcomes of pain intensity and functional disability for a cohort of participants with chronic mechanical pain after completion of a 12-week intervention program. METHODS: Cervical movement velocity when performing neck motions in the anatomical planes, pain intensity and functional disability score were assessed before and after the physiotherapy program. Correlations between kinematic and clinical outcomes, and validity of applying the peak velocity values of the cervical spine measured at baseline for prediction of recovery of pain and function after the physiotherapy program were examined (n = 68). FINDINGS: Significant improvements were found in the peak values of cervical velocity in all movement planes, pain intensity and functional disability score at post-program reassessment (p < 0.001). Significant negative correlations between peak values of cervical movement velocity and pain intensity (for specific directions, r = -0.163 to -0.191), and functional disability were found (for all directions, r = -0.158 to -0.282). Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics curve was >0.6 for cervical extension, flexion and right rotation velocity for predicting functional recovery post-program. INTERPRETATION: These findings suggest that cervical velocity of selected planes measured at baseline may inform the prediction of recovery of functional disability but not pain intensity in people with chronic mechanical neck pain.

The effect of aquatic High Intensity Interval Training on cardiometabolic and physical health markers in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of Aquatic High Intensity Interval Training (AHIIT) on cardiometabolic and physical health markers in women. METHODS: Systematic search used 7 databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane, Embase, CINAL complete, PsycINFO). The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) score was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the studies. Clinical trials compared AHIIT with a control group that receive no exercise training. We integrated randomized controlled trials published in English, and participants were women aged ≥18 years. The outcome of interest was the change in cardiometabolic and physical health markers. RESULTS: Among 242 articles screened, 18 articles (13 trials) were included in this meta-analysis comparing AHIIT (n = 261) with a control group (n = 215). The median PEDro score was 5.5 out of 10 (range, 4-8). AHIIT significantly improved peak oxygen uptake (Hedges' g 0.610; 95% CI 0.277-0.943; P < 0.001), reduced resting heart rate (Hedges' g -0.495; 95% CI -0.866 to -0.124; P < 0.05), as well as chair to stand test. (Hedges' g 0.548; 95% CI 0.019 to 1.077; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: AHIIT has a moderate effect in improving cardiometabolic and physical health markers in women.

Bedtime smart device usage and accelerometer-measured sleep outcomes in children and adolescents.

PURPOSE: We analyzed the association between bedtime smart device usage habits and accelerometer-measured sleep outcomes (total sleeping time, sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset) in Hong Kong children and adolescents aged 8-14. METHODS: A total of 467 students in Hong Kong participated in this study from 2016 to 2017. They self-reported their bedtime smart device usage habits. The primary caregiver of each participant was also invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire about the family's social-economic status and bedtime smart device usage habits. An ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer was used to assess participants' 7-day sleep outcomes. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 10.3 (SD 1.9), and 54% were girls. Among the participants, 27% (n = 139) used a smart device before sleep, and 33% (n = 170) kept the smart device on before sleep. In total, 27% (n = 128) placed the smart device within reach before sleep, 23% (n = 107) would wake up when notifications were received, and 25% (n = 117) immediately checked the device after being awakened by a notification. Multiple regression controlling for age, sex, socio-economic status, and other confounders showed that those who woke up after receiving a notification had a statistically longer sleeping time (19.7 min, 95% CI: 0.3, 39.1, p = 0.046), lower sleep efficiency (- 0.71%, 95% CI - 1.40, - 0.02, p = 0.04), and a longer wake after sleep onset (2.6 min, 95% CI: 0.1, 5.1, p = 0.045) than those who did not. Nonetheless, all primary caregivers' bedtime smart device habits were insignificantly associated with all sleep outcomes of their children. CONCLUSION: Those who woke up after receiving smart device notifications had lower sleep efficiency and longer wake after sleep onset than those who did not, and they compensated for their sleep loss by lengthening their total sleep time.

The effect of physical activity on anhedonia in individuals with depressive symptoms.

The therapeutic effect of antidepressants has been demonstrated for anhedonia in patients with depression. However, antidepressants may cause side-effects, such as cardiovascular dysfunction. Although physical activity has minor side-effects, it may serve as an alternative for improving anhedonia and depression. We sought to investigate whether physical activity reduces the level of anhedonia in individuals with depression. Fifty-six university students with moderate depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory total score > 16) were divided into three training groups: the Running Group (RG, n = 19), the Stretching Group (SG, n = 19), and the Control Group (n = 18). We employed the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task and the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) to evaluate hedonic capacity. All participants in the RG and SG received 8 weeks of jogging and stretching training, respectively. The RG experienced an increase in the level of arousal during anticipation of a future reward and recalled less negativity towards the loss condition. The SG exhibited enhanced scores on the Anticipatory and Consummatory Pleasure subscales of the TEPS after training. Moreover, in the RG, greater improvements in anticipatory arousal ratings for pleasure and remembered valence ratings for negative affect were associated with longer training duration, lower maximum heart rate, and higher consumed calories during training. To conclude, physical activity is effective in improving anticipatory anhedonia in individuals with depressive symptoms.

Effect of Aquatic Exercise on Sleep Efficiency of Adults With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain.

BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise improves sleep for people who have difficulty in sleeping soundly, but most research to date has focused on land-based exercise. There has been only very limited research into the effect of aquatic exercise on people with chronic musculoskeletal (MSK) pain. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of a 6-week aquatic exercise program on sleep efficiency among adults with chronic MSK pain. METHODS: A total of 30 adults with chronic MSK pain were recruited by convenience sampling and assigned into intervention and control groups by a trained research assistant. Their sleep efficiency, sleep quality, activity level, stress level, and pain level were measured with ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer before and after the intervention group completed a 6-week, biweekly program of aquatic exercise. RESULTS: Following intervention, the intervention group had significantly longer total true sleep time (by 27.6 min, P = .006); greater sleep efficiency (+3.01%, P = .005); and less pain (-1.33/10, P = .026). The control group had significantly shorter total true sleep time by 5.8 minutes (P = .036) while changes in the other outcomes were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Six weeks of moderate-intensity aquatic exercise may improve sleep efficiency and reduce pain for persons suffering chronic MSK pain.

Association between Time Spent on Smart Devices and Change in Refractive Error: A 1-Year Prospective Observational Study among Hong Kong Children and Adolescents.

This study examined the association between smart device usage and the 1-year change in refractive error among a representative sample of Hong Kong children and adolescents aged 8-14 years. A total of 1597 participants (49.9% male, mean age 10.9, SD 2.0) who completed both baseline (2017-2018) and 1-year follow-up (2018-2019) eye examinations were included in the present study. The non-cycloplegic auto-refractive error was measured and the average spherical equivalent refraction (SER) was analyzed. The participants also self-reported their smart device usage at baseline. Multivariate regression adjusted for age, sex, baseline SER, parents' short-sightedness, BMI, time spent on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and caregiver-reported socio-economic status showed that, compared with the reference group (<2 h per day on both smartphone and tablet usages), those who spent ≥2 h per day using a smartphone and <2 h per day using a tablet had a significantly negative shift in refractive error (1-year change in SER -0.25 vs. -0.09 D, p = 0.01) for the right eye, while the level of significance was marginal (1-year change -0.28 vs. -0.15 D, p = 0.055) for the left eye. To conclude, our data suggested spending at most 2 h per day on both smartphones and tablets.

Effects of Ergomotor Intervention on Improving Occupational Health in Workers with Work-Related Neck-Shoulder Pain.

(1) Background: Work-related neck and shoulder pain (WRNSP) are common problems, and past occupational research has focused on ergonomic interventions such as adjusting workstations while physiotherapists have traditionally focused on teaching exercises to improve posture and movement control in the clinical setting. The current study aimed to integrate these two approaches and evaluate the immediate and long-term effects of such interventions on occupational exposure outcomes. (2) Methods: A total of 101 patients diagnosed with WRNSP were randomized into 2 groups: Control (CO) group (n = 50) and ergomotor (EM) group (n = 51). Participants in the control group had 12 weeks of usual care (conventional physiotherapy) while participants in the EM group received an integrated program with tailor-made motor control training and ergonomic advice for 12 weeks. (3) Results: Both groups achieved significant improvement in pain and functional outcomes at post-intervention. The EM group also reported significantly improved scores in terms of perceived exertion in the job-related physical demands (JRPD) and the short form workstyle questionnaires compared to the control group. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest that ergomotor intervention may be more effective in producing favorable occupational health outcomes compared to conventional physiotherapy.

Investigation the EMG Activities of Lower Limb Muscles When Doing Squatting Exercise in Water and on Land.

(1) Background: Squatting is one of the common closed-kinetic chain (CKC) exercises for knee rehabilitation. Some patients cannot perform squatting exercises on land occasionally due to knee pain. Several studies had suggested that lower limb muscle activities are lower in water than on land while performing CKC exercises. The purpose of this study is to investigate the surface electromyography (sEMG) activities of Rectus femoris (RF) and Biceps femoris (BF) muscles when doing a squatting exercise in water and on land. (2) Methods: This was a cross-sectional experimental study. A total of 20 healthy participants (10 males, 10 females) were recruited by convenience sampling. The sEMG of RF and BF muscles in water and on land were collected and the knee motions were videotaped. Participants were instructed to perform closed kinetic-chain back squatting exercises at a specific speed (30 beats per minute) in water and on land at angular speed of 45°/s. Eight repetitions of the squatting exercise (0-90° knee flexion) were performed. The mean percentage maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC) between two muscles was compared in two conditions. The %MVC of RF and BF muscles at different specific knee flexion angles (30°, 60° and 90° knee flexion) was also identified. (3) Result: Muscle activities of RF (p = 0.01) and BF (p < 0.01) muscles were significantly lower in water than on land. The %MVC of RF and BF muscles was found to be 15.01% and 10.68% lower in water than on land respectively. For different knee angle phases, the differences in %MVC between land and water had significant difference for both RF muscles and BF muscles. (4) Conclusion: This study found a difference of mean percentage MVC of RF and BF muscles between land and water in different phases of squatting. The water medium reduced the two muscles' activities to a similar extent. The result showed that the aquatic environment allows an individual to perform squatting with less muscle activation which may serve as an alternative knee exercise option for patients who encounter difficulty in land squatting due to lower limb muscle weakness or a high level of knee pain.

Psychometric Properties and Demographic Correlates of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version Among Chinese Children and Adolescents in Hong Kong.

Nearly all children and teens in Hong Kong own a smartphone. There is currently no validated instrument that measures whether they use their phone too much. This study tested the psychometric properties of a translated Chinese version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) and examined the demographic correlates of smartphone addiction among Hong Kong children and adolescents. A total of 1,901 primary school children and secondary school pupils were recruited from 15 Hong Kong schools. Furthermore, 1,797 primary caregivers were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire on their socioeconomic status and educational attainment. The study used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify the factor structure of SAS-SV for half the participants (n = 951), while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess the goodness-of-fit of EFA models for the remaining half (n = 951). Spearman correlations were used to assess the convergent validity of the SAS-SV, taking account of time spent by subjects on phones per day, the Smart Device Addiction Screening Tool (SDAST), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC). EFA generated a three-factor model (with factors labeled "dependency," the incidence of a "problem," and "time spent"). CFA confirmed this model yielded an acceptable goodness-of-fit (Comparative Fit Index = 0.96, Tucker Lewis Index = 0.95, and root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.06). SAS-SV was positively correlated with SDAST (ρ = 0.59), PSQI (ρ = 0.29), and CES-D (ρ = 0.35), and negatively correlated with MSPSS (ρ = -0.10). A linear regression model showed that female adolescents, those with highly educated caregivers and those who spent more time using smartphones on their holidays, had on average higher SAS-SV scores, meaning they showed greater vulnerability to becoming addicted. The study found that SAS-SV is a valid scale for estimating excessive smartphone use among Hong Kong children and adolescents.

Comparing the effectiveness of integrating ergonomics and motor control to conventional treatment for pain and functional recovery of work-related neck-shoulder pain: A randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Work-related neck and shoulder pain (WRNSP) is highly prevalent among patients who seek physiotherapy treatment. Clinicians may tend to focus on teaching home exercises and provide general advice about workplace improvement. The present study investigates the short- and long-term impact of an intervention approach that emphasizes on integrating the motor control re-education with ergonomic advice. METHODS: Participants diagnosed with WRNSP (n = 101) were randomly assigned into two groups in this randomized controlled trial. The Ergo-motor Group (EM, n = 51) received an integrated intervention with ergonomic advice/modifications and motor control training individualized for each participant based on their specific work demands. Control Group (CO, n = 50) received treatment for pain relief and general exercises of their necks at a designated physiotherapy clinic. Neck pain intensity and functional outcome measures were assessed before, immediately and 1-year after the 12-week intervention programmes. Global Rating of Change Score was used to evaluate the perceived recovery at 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: Both groups reported significant reductions in pain and functional disability scores at post-intervention (EM, n = 44; CO, n = 42) and 1-year follow-up (EM, n = 40; CO, n = 38); however, no significant between-group differences were found (p > 0.05). Significantly higher rating in global recovery score was reported in EM group at 1-year follow-up (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Intervention integrating ergonomic advice/modification with motor control exercise was found to be equally effective as pain relief and general exercise for pain and functional recovery. However, at 1-year follow-up, such integrated approach resulted in significantly better global recovery perceived by people with WRNSP. SIGNIFICANCE: Integrating ergonomic intervention and motor control training achieved similar reduction in pain and functional outcomes compared to conventional physiotherapy at post-intervention and at 1-year follow-up, for patients with moderate level of work-related neck-shoulder pain and mild degree of functional disability. The Ergo-motor Group reported significantly better perceived overall recovery at 1-year follow-up.

A 4-week community aquatic physiotherapy program with Ai Chi or Bad Ragaz Ring Method improves disability and trunk muscle endurance in adults with chronic low back pain: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of a 4-week community aquatic physiotherapy program with Ai Chi or the Bad Ragaz Ring Method (BRRM) on pain and disability in adults with chronic low back pain (CLBP). METHODS: Adults with CLBP (n= 44; mean ± SD age, 52.6 ± 5.5 y; 37 women) were assigned to either an Ai Chi (n= 23) or BRRM (n= 21) program (4 weeks, twice weekly). RESULTS: Both the Ai Chi (-1.4; 95% CI -2.6 to -0.2; p= .025) and BRRM (-2.0, 95% CI -3.1 to -0.8; p= 0.003) groups demonstrated significant pre- to post-treatment decreases in Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire scores and improvements in prone bridge duration (Ai Chi: 11.7 s; 95% CI 1.6 to 21.8; p= 0.025; BRRM: 19.0 s; 95% CI 6.1 to 31.8; p= 0.006). The Ai Chi group revealed a significant improvement in single-leg stand test duration (2.9 s; 95% CI 0.1 to 5.7; p= 0.045) and the BRRM group reported significant decrease in pain intensity (-11.6; 95% CI -19.1 to -4.2; p= 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: A 4-week aquatic physiotherapy program with Ai Chi or BRRM resulted in significant pre- to post-treatment improvements in disability and global core muscle endurance. Ai Chi appeared to have an additional benefit of improving single-leg standing balance and BRRM an additional benefit of reducing pain.

Effects of combining ergonomic interventions and motor control exercises on muscle activity and kinematics in people with work-related neck-shoulder pain.

PURPOSE: This study compared the effects of "Ergomotor" intervention and conventional physiotherapy, on influencing the motor control in the neck-shoulder region in people with work-related neck-shoulder pain (WRNSP). METHODS: 101 patients (age range 20-54 years) diagnosed with chronic WRNSP were randomized into control (CO) group (n = 50) and Ergomotor (EM) group (n = 51). Each group received a 12-week intervention. Participants in CO group received treatment for pain relief and general exercises. EM group received individualized motor control training and advice of ergonomic modifications at their workplaces. RESULTS: At post-intervention, EM group showed significant reduction of bilateral upper trapezius muscle activity during active neck movements (left: 40-35%, right: 35-27%) and functional tasks such as lifting a weight forward-backward (left: 31-21%, right: 22-14%) and upward-downward (left: 26-23%, right: 20-13%). Cervical erector spinae also showed significant decrease in muscle activity during some phases of the functional tasks (left: 13-6%, right: 10-2%). In contrast, CO group did not show such changes in muscle activity at post-intervention. EM group also showed significant increase in movement velocity and acceleration during active neck movements in all directions (from 18 to 31%), while CO group only showed significant increase in movement velocity in some directions. Both groups reported significant but similar reduction in pain scores, at post-intervention and 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The present results provided some evidence to support the positive and sustainable benefits of integrating motor control training into the workplace postures and motions.