A proposal to evaluate the management of tuberculosis programs: a qualitative, evaluability assessment in the border region of Brazil and Venezuela.

This study aims to analyze the feasibility of building an evaluative model for the management of the Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Program in the State of Roraima, located on the border between Brazil and Venezuela. This is an evaluability assessment, a type of study used as a pre-evaluation of the development and implementation stages of a program, as well as throughout its execution. The study was developed in stages comprising the: (i) definition of the intervention to be analyzed and its objectives and goals; (ii) construction of the intervention logical model; (iii) screening of parties interested in the evaluation; (iv) definition of the evaluative questions; and (v) design of the evaluation matrix. Four priority components were defined for the evaluation: management of the organization and implementation of tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control policy; epidemiological surveillance management; care network management; and management of expected/achieved results. In this model, and based on theoretical references, we defined the necessary resources, activities, outputs, outcomes, and the expected impact for each of the policy management components. The management of the TB control program is feasible for evaluation based on the design of its components, the definition of structure and process indicators, and relevant results for the analysis of the management of TB prevention and control actions, as well as its influence on compliance with the agreed indicators and targets aiming at eradicating the disease by 2035.

Microchip Versus Piezoelectric Point of Care Ultrasonography for Pulmonary and Vena Cava Evaluation in Patients With Acute Kidney Injury.

Introduction: Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) has emerged as an important tool for examining critically ill patients. POCUS devices have become progressively smaller and more accessible, transforming medical practice, and reducing costs. One technological breakthrough was the development of ultraportable scanners with microchip technology, which utilize a probe connected to a smartphone or tablet and incorporate a mobile application that employs artificial intelligence to assist in the interpretation of acquired images. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of ultrasound microchip technology with traditional piezoelectric crystal ultrasonography. We analyzed 2 volume status parameters in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) who were receiving kidney replacement therapy (KRT). These parameters were the extravascular pulmonary water, using the lung B-lines; and the inferior vena cava collapsibility index (IVCi). Methods: Fifty critically ill patients met the study criteria. Lung POCUS quantified B-lines in 8 quadrants. The IVCi was measured using the maximum and minimum diameters during a respiratory cycle. Both technologies were sequentially employed in a randomized fashion to acquire the parameters at 2 different time points: before the initiation of KRT (T0) and 60 minutes after the procedure had commenced (T60). We calculated the correlation and agreement between the 2 ultrasound scanner modalities. Results: The correlation between the 2 technologies for evaluating lung B-lines showed strong positive coefficients, ⍴ = 0.96 and ⍴ = 0.93 at T0 and T60, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). The correlation for IVCi was ρ = 0.70 and ρ = 0.87 at T0 and T60, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). The Bland-Altman plots showed agreement between ultrasound methods for IVCi calculation and B-line quantification. For IVCi calculation at T0, bias was +2.69 (SD: 10.6) (95% confidence interval [CI]: -18.13 to +23.52); at T60, bias was 3.28 (SD: 10.23) (95% CI: -16.77 to +23.34). For B-line quantification, the analysis yielded a bias of -0.3 (SD: 2.73), with a 95% CI of -5.66 to +5.06 at T0; and a bias of 0.2 (SD: 3.23), with a 95% CI of -6.14 to +6.54 at T60. Conclusion: Our study observed a good correlation and agreement between microchip and piezoelectric-based ultrasound modalities in evaluating the presence of pulmonary B-lines and inferior vena cava (IVC) dynamics in patients with AKI. Microchip ultrasound, in addition to being portable, user-friendly, and cost-effective, consistently delivers bedside parameters for volume assessment that are comparable to those obtained through POCUS using piezoelectric transducer-based ultrasonography.

A proposal to evaluate the management of tuberculosis programs: a qualitative, evaluability assessment in the border region of Brazil and Venezuela / Uma proposta de avaliação da gestão de programas de controle da tuberculose: um estudo qualitativo de avaliabilidade na fronteira entre Brasil e Venezuela / Una propuesta de evaluación de la gestión de programas de control de la tuberculosis: un estudio cualitativo de evaluabilidad en la franja fronteriza entre Brasil y Venezuela

This study aims to analyze the feasibility of building an evaluative model for the management of the Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Program in the State of Roraima, located on the border between Brazil and Venezuela. This is an evaluability assessment, a type of study used as a pre-evaluation of the development and implementation stages of a program, as well as throughout its execution. The study was developed in stages comprising the: (i) definition of the intervention to be analyzed and its objectives and goals; (ii) construction of the intervention logical model; (iii) screening of parties interested in the evaluation; (iv) definition of the evaluative questions; and (v) design of the evaluation matrix. Four priority components were defined for the evaluation: management of the organization and implementation of tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control policy; epidemiological surveillance management; care network management; and management of expected/achieved results. In this model, and based on theoretical references, we defined the necessary resources, activities, outputs, outcomes, and the expected impact for each of the policy management components. The management of the TB control program is feasible for evaluation based on the design of its components, the definition of structure and process indicators, and relevant results for the analysis of the management of TB prevention and control actions, as well as its influence on compliance with the agreed indicators and targets aiming at eradicating the disease by 2035.

Objetivou-se examinar a viabilidade da construção de um modelo avaliativo para a gestão do Programa de Prevenção e Controle da Tuberculose no Estado de Roraima, localizado na fronteira entre Brasil e Venezuela. Trata-se de um estudo de avaliabilidade, um tipo de estudo utilizado como pré-avaliação na fase de desenvolvimento e implementação de um programa, bem como ao longo de sua execução. O estudo foi desenvolvido em etapas: (i) definição da intervenção a ser analisada e seus objetivos e metas; (ii) construção do modelo lógico da intervenção; (iii) mapeamento dos interessados na avaliação; (iv) definição das questões avaliativas e (v) delineamento da matriz de avaliação. Foram definidos quatro componentes prioritários para avaliação: gestão da organização e implementação da política de prevenção e controle da tuberculose (TB), gestão da vigilância epidemiológica, gestão da rede de atenção à saúde e gestão dos resultados esperados/obtidos. Nesse modelo, e com base em referenciais teóricos, definimos os recursos, atividades, produtos, resultados e o impacto esperado para cada um dos componentes de gestão de políticas. A gestão do programa de controle da TB é passível de avaliação a partir do delineamento de seus componentes e da definição de indicadores de estrutura e processo, assim como de resultados relevantes e sua influência para o cumprimento das metas pactuadas, visando erradicar a doença até 2035.

El objetivo fue analizar la viabilidad de elaborar un modelo de evaluación para la gestión del Programa de Prevención y Control de la Tuberculosis en el Estado de Roraima, que está en la frontera entre Brasil y Venezuela. Se trata de un estudio de evaluabilidad, un modelo de estudio que se utiliza como evaluación previa en la fase de desarrollo e implementación de un programa, así como a lo largo de su ejecución. El desarrollo del estudio se realizó en etapas: (i) definir la intervención a analizar y sus objetivos y metas; (ii) construir el modelo lógico de la intervención; (iii) mapear los interesados en la evaluación; (iv) definir las preguntas de la evaluación; y (v) trazar la matriz de evaluación. Se definieron cuatro componentes prioritarios para la evaluación: la gestión de la organización e implementación de la política de prevención y control de la tuberculosis (TB), la gestión de la vigilancia epidemiológica, la gestión de la red de atención a la salud y la gestión de los resultados esperados/obtenidos. En este modelo, y basándonos en referentes teóricos, definimos los recursos, actividades, productos, resultados y el impacto esperado para cada uno de los componentes de la gestión de políticas. La gestión del programa de control de la TB puede evaluarse a partir del diseño de sus componentes y de la definición de indicadores de estructura y proceso, así como de resultados relevantes y su influencia para el cumplimiento de las metas pactadas, con el fin de erradicar la enfermedad para 2035.

Health condition, income loss, food insecurity and other social inequities among migrants and refugees during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Brazil is the destination of many international migrants and refugees and, given the circumstances of their entry into the country, many face difficulties due to the absence of targeted policies. Thus, the objective of this study was to survey the social impact of COVID-19 on international migrants and refugees regarding income loss, food insecurity and other social inequities, and to identify explanatory factors on these aspects. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, analytical study. We used a validated instrument applied by trained interviewers. Descriptive analysis and binary logistic regression were performed to identify factors associated with income loss and food insecurity. RESULTS: A total of 360 individuals from sub-Saharan African and South American countries participated in the study. Individuals who were white, black/brown, yellow, had an occupation/employment, and earned less than one minimum wage were more likely to lose income. Those who reported no income, received less than one minimum wage, and were diagnosed with COVID-19 were more likely to be food insecure. CONCLUSIONS: The study advances knowledge by identifying factors associated with income loss, food insecurity, and individuals' difficulty in accessing health services and social support measures in Brazil.

Evidence on tuberculosis in migrants at Brazil's international borders: A scoping review.

Objective: to map scientific evidence on the extent of tuberculosis in migrants from the international borders between Brazil and the countries of South America. Design: Scoping review of quantitative, qualitative and mixed studies. The research was conducted between February and April 2021. The terms "migrants", "tuberculosis", "Brazil", "Uruguay", "Paraguay", "Bolivia", "Peru", "British Guiana" "English Guiana", "French Guiana", "Suriname", "Venezuela", "Argentina", "Colombia" combined with Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" to identified relevant documents. Studies addressing tuberculosis on migrants from international borders of Brazil were included. Pubmed Central (PMC), LILACS (Scientific and technical literature of Latin America and the Caribbean/BVS), Scopus (Elsevier), Scielo (Scientific Electronic Library Online) and gray literature CAPES thesis database were searched. The study was carried out in three stages where the data was selected and extracted by two independent reviewers for full reading. Results: A total of 705 articles were extracted from the databases chosen for the search, 04 master's dissertations and 01 doctoral thesis. Of these 456 were excluded because they did not meet at least one of the eligibility criteria for this SR and 4 were further excluded because they were duplicates who had not been previously identified. A total of 58 documents were, thus, selected for assessment of the full text. Of these, 40 were further excluded for not meeting at least one of the eligibility criteria. A total of 18 studies were included for data collection: 15 articles, 2 master's dissertations and 1 doctoral thesis, produced between 2002 and 2021. Conclusion: This scoping review mapped the existing evidence on tuberculosis at the international borders of Brazil and on access of immigrants with tuberculosis to health services in Brazil. Descriptors: tuberculosis; immigrants; public health surveillance; epidemiological surveillance; sanitary control of borders; health services accessibility.

Epidemiology of TB in prisoners: a metanalysis of the prevalence of active and latent TB.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) in prisons usually occurs at higher rates than in the general population, especially in developing countries. TB has been reported as the most common cause of death among prisoners. Studies have shown limitations for early detection of TB in prisons that seem to result from mistaken concepts about TB, delayed diagnosis mainly due to the naturalization of lack of healthcare for this population METHODS: A scoping review was performed using the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute to assess "What are the scientific evidences on the epidemiology of TB in the prison system?". Then, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the prevalence of TB (active and latent) TB in prisoners. The results are presented as prevalence, in percentage, through random effects models, with a confidence interval of 95%. RESULTS: Regarding active TB, the results of the metanalysis showed that countries with a high burden of TB had a prevalence of 3.54% [2.71; 4.63], countries not considered to be high burden TB countries had a prevalence of 1.43% [0.86; 2.37]. Latent TB had a prevalence of 51.61% [39.46; 63.58] in high TB burden countries and a prevalence of 40.24% [23.51; 59.61] in countries with low TB burden. In terms of development, in low- and lower-middle-income countries, the prevalence of active TB was 3.13% [1.84; 5.29] and in high- and upper-middle income countries the prevalence was 2.25% [1.70; 2.99]. The prevalence of latent TB in high- and middle-income countries was 43.77% [28.61; 60.18] and of 49.42% [45.91; 52.94] in low and lower middle-income countries. CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that TB, and probably other infectious diseases, find fertile ground in prisons where previous acquire social disadvantages seem to thrive-therefore, TB in prisons is a global public health problem and effective strategies are needed to control the disease are needed targeting the prison environment, including rapid health assessments to understand each context and to implement tailored and precision interventions.

Toxic plants from the perspective of a "Quilombola" community in the Cerrado region of Brazil.

A multi-disciplinary team surveyed ranchers at the Kalunga Historical and Cultural Heritage Site, in the Cerrado region of west central Brazil, to determine impacts promoted by toxic plants on cattle. The expedition to the Kalunga region was carried out by Brazilian and American researchers. Previously selected cattle ranch properties from "Vão das Almas", "Engenho II" and "Vão do Moleque" were visited. Twenty-four interviews were carried out with cattle ranchers and a questionnaire was applied to obtain information about outbreaks of native plant poisoning and their effects on livestock, and the use of local plants in phytotherapy. We classified problematic plants into three distinct categories. First, the toxic plants most cited by residents causing cattle losses were the flowers of Caryocar brasiliense Cambess ("pequi"), the fruits of Terminalia corrugata (Ducke) Gere & Boatwr. (Buchenavia tomentosa Eichler - "mirindiba" or "pau-pilão"), Eugenia dysenterica (Mart.) DC ("cagaita"), and Palicourea marcgravii A. St. Hil ("erva-café" or "cafezinho"). Secondly, other plants considered toxic, but causing less severe losses were Emmotum nitens (Benth.) Miers ("casco d'anta"), Indigofera lespedezioides (Kunth) ("timbozinho"), Ricinus communis L. ("mamona"), Pteridium esculentum (G. Forst.) Cockayne ("samambaia"), Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville ("barbatimão"), and Actinocladum verticillatum (Nees) McClure ex Soderstr. ("cambaúba"). The most important finding was the identification of the C. brasiliense flower as potentially toxic to cattle, which must be subject for future research. Further, we confirmed the toxicity and importance of P. marcgravii, E. dysenterica, and Terminalia corrugata. The survey highlighted phytotherapy plants used by the community, and greatly increased awareness by local livestock producers of poisonous plants for management purposes. We conclude that ethnobotanical knowledge, especially from the traditional community, is essential to understand livestock losses to toxic plants, and should be valued not only for reducing livestock losses, but also for cultural importance to the Kalunga communities in the Cerrado.

Inequities between migrants and non-migrants with TB: Surveillance evidence from the Brazilian border State of Roraima.

Introduction: Until 2014, there was already a significant burden of TB in Roraima, with this State being among the most affected ones in Brazil. Since 2015, though, there has been a progressive increase in cases of TB in the state of Roraima, with a notorious concentration of cases in Venezuelan migrants. Active international migration in border territories should be seen as a warning signal about the need to strengthen health surveillance and One Health actions that encompass all components involved in the risk of active transmission of diseases as tuberculosis in these scenarios. Objective: This study aims to analyze and compare migrants and non-migrants notified with TB in the State of Roraima in Brazil and identify inequities in terms of diagnosis, access to treatment and outcome of the disease. Study design: Quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive study of all confirmed cases of TB notified in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) between 2009 and 2019. Methods: Data were described through counts, frequencies, prevalence ratios and 95% confidence interval. We used Poisson regression with robust variance to adjust for confounders. Results: 2111 cases of TB were reported in Roraima between 2009 and 2019 and in this study (mean age 38.2 ± 18.5 years). Cases were more frequently males, brownish race, indigenous people, with high school level education. 10.9% (n = 181) of TB cases were migrants, mainly from Venezuela (72.9%). Migrants with TB were more prone to be homeless (PR = 3.7). A higher number of cases of readmission after treatment dropout (3.3%) and AIDS diseases (11.2%) was observed among migrants compared to non-migrants. The proportion of DR-TB was higher among migrants. The percent of cure of TB was lower among migrants and the prevalence of abandonment of treatment, transfers and deaths by other causes was higher compared to non-migrants. Conclusions: The results of the study have shown considerable differences in the epidemiological profile of TB between migrants and non-migrants living in the State of Roraima, with a tendency for poorer outcomes in the first ones as well as more concentration of vulnerabilities. These results stress out existing inequities between migrants and non-migrants with TB disease and raise questions on the health care network capacity to address these.

Qualidade da Atenção Primária à Saúde na pandemia de COVID-19: avaliação por usuários acometidos pela doença / Quality of Primary Health Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evaluation by Users Affected by the Disease

A pandemia da doença pelo coronavírus impacta sobremaneira a sociedade, gerando desafios sem precedentes para a ciência, para os sistemas de saúde e para a Atenção Primária à Saúde, que foram rapidamente cobrados por respostas diversificadas para o enfrentamento desta emergência de saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da APS segundo a perspectiva de pessoas acometidas pela COVID-19. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal com casos de COVID-19 em um município brasileiro. Utilizou-se um questionário eletrônico com características sociodemográficas e clínicas (de elaboração própria) e o Instrumento PCATool-Brasil ­ para pacientes adultos (versão reduzida), por meio do recurso KoBoToolbox. Após pré-teste e estudo piloto, a coleta de dados ocorreu entre 11 de janeiro e 05 de outubro de 2021. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva, sendo calculado o Escore Geral da APS ­ 0 a 10 (média e desvios padrão). Os 91 participantes avaliaram os atributos/componentes da APS. O Escore Geral da APS (média) foi 4,4 (DP=1,9). Este baixo escore geral da APS obtido sinaliza para fragilidades na qualidade deste nível de atenção à saúde, nos primeiros seis meses da pandemia em 2020. É inédito escore tão baixo de qualidade da APS. Depreende-se que o resultado negativo no município estudado reflete o impacto da COVID-19 e as estratégias adotadas para o enfrentamento da pandemia disparada pelo SARS-CoV-2 no Brasil e no mundo.

The coronavirus disease pandemic greatly impacted society, creating unprecedented challenges for science, healthcare systems, and Primary Health Care, which were quickly charged with diversified responses to face this public health emergency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of PHC from the perspective of people affected by COVID-19. This was a cross-sectional study with cases of COVID-19 in a Brazilian municipality. We used an electronic questionnaire with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (of our own elaboration) and the PCATool-Brazil Instrument ­ for adult patients (reduced version), through the KoBoToolbox resource. After a pre-test and pilot study, data collection took place between January 11 and October 5, 2021. Descriptive statistics were used, calculating the General PHC Score ­ 0 to 10 (mean and standard deviations). 91 participants evaluated the PHC characteristics/ components. The overall PHC score (mean) was 4.4 (SD=1.9). This low overall PHC score obtained indicates weaknesses in the quality of this level of healthcare, in the first six months of the pandemic in 2020. Such a low PHC quality score is unprecedented. It appears that the negative result in the studied municipality reflects the impact of COVID-19 and the strategies adopted to face the pandemic triggered by SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil and in the world.

Impact of COVID-19 on Tuberculosis Indicators in Brazil: A Time Series and Spatial Analysis Study.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to visualize and classify the time series of COVID-19, tuberculosis (TB) notification, and TB outcomes (cure, treatment abandonment, and death), verify the impact of the new coronavirus pandemic on these indices in Brazil, and verify the presence of spatial autocorrelation between COVID-19 and TB. METHODS: This was an ecological time series study that considered TB and COVID-19 cases. Seasonal Trend Decomposition using Loess (STL) was used to trace the temporal trend, Prais-Winsten was used to classify the temporal trend, Interrupted Time Series (ITS) was used to verify the impact of COVID-19 on TB rates, and the Bivariate Moran Index (Global and Local) was used to verify the spatial autocorrelation of events. RESULTS: Brazil and its macro-regions showed an increasing temporal trend for the notification of TB in the pre-pandemic period. Only the Northeast Region showed a decreasing temporal trend for cured cases. For treatment abandonment, all regions except for the Northeast showed an increasing temporal trend, and regarding death, Brazil and the Northeast Region showed an increasing temporal trend. With the ITS, COVID-19 caused a decline in TB notification rates and TB outcome rates. With the global spatial analysis, it was possible to identify the existence of spatial autocorrelation between the notification rate of COVID-19 and the TB notification rate and deaths. With the local analysis, it was possible to map the Brazilian municipalities and classify them according to the relationship between the rates of both diseases and space. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 influenced the follow-up of and adherence to TB treatment and intensified social vulnerability and, consequently, affected the notification of TB since the relationship between the disease and social determinants of health is already known. The restoration and strengthening of essential services for the prevention and detection of cases and treatment of TB in endemic environments such as Brazil have been oriented as a priority in the global health agenda.

Low bone mass and vitamin D in Brazilian people living with HIV under antiretroviral therapy.

We performed a cross-sectional study in 212 PLHIV under antiretroviral therapy. Bone mass was compromised in 36.5% of relatively young sample and associated with hypogonadism, older age, higher PTH levels, and metabolic syndrome. Hypovitaminosis D was present in 85%, especially those on NNRTI. PURPOSE: Previous studies have reported an increased prevalence of bone demineralization among people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). We aimed to assess bone mineral density (BMD), vitamin D levels, and associated risk factors in Brazilian PLHIV. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 212 patients in a specialized assistance service. Clinical and demographic information were registered. Laboratory tests were performed, and BMD was measured at the lumbar spine, total hip/femoral neck, and forearm by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Participants were classified into "with low bone mass (wLBM)" and "without low bone mass (woLBM)." Those wLBM encompasses osteoporosis, osteopenia, and below the expected range for age as recommended by the World Health Organization. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-seven patients were included. Median age was 46.3 years (interquartile range (IQR) 40-52) and duration of HAART exposure was 11.2 years (IQR 7-15). Plasma viral load was undetectable in 79%. Hypovitaminosis D (< 30 ng/mL) was present in 85% and LBM in 36.5%. Men wLBM were more likely to have testosterone deficiency and had higher PTH levels than those woLBM. LBM in women was associated with older age, menopause, and metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: This study showed a high frequency of LBM in a relatively young sample, and suggests a detrimental effect of hypogonadism, older age, higher PTH levels, and metabolic syndrome. Hypovitaminosis D was frequent, especially those on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, higher body mass index, and abdominal circumference.

A methanol extract and N,N-dimethyltryptamine from Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav. inhibit Zika virus infection in vitro.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a public health problem due to its association with serious fetal and neurological complications and the lack of antiviral agents and licensed vaccines against this virus. Surveillance studies have alerted about the potential occurrence of a new South American epidemic episode due to the recent circulation of an African ZIKV strain detected in Brazil. Therefore, it is essential to discover antiviral agents, including natural substances, that are capable of neutralizing the action of ZIKV. Several Psychotria species have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, a methanol extract and dimethyltryptamine from Psychotria viridis were evaluated for their ability to inhibit ZIKV infection in vitro by measuring the effective concentration that protects 50% of cells and investigating their possible mechanisms of action. The tested samples showed antiviral activity against ZIKV. The extract showed virucidal activity, affecting viral and non-cellular elements, inactivating the virus before infection or when it becomes extracellular after the second cycle of infection. It was also observed that both extract and dimethyltryptamine could inhibit the virus at intracellular stages of the viral cycle. In addition to dimethyltryptamine, it is believed that other compounds also contribute to the promising virucidal effect observed for the methanol extract. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the activity of a methanolic extract and dimethyltryptamine from Psychotria viridis against cellular ZIKV infection. These two samples, extracted from natural sources, are potential candidates for use as antiviral drugs to inhibit ZIKV infections.

Factors associated with the risk of diabetic foot in patients with diabetes mellitus in Primary Care. / Fatores associados ao risco de pé diabético em pessoas com diabetes mellitus na Atenção Primária.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze factors associated with diabetic foot risk in patients with diabetes mellitus assisted in Primary Care. METHOD: Observational, analytic, and transversal study took place in Teresina, Piauí, with diabetic patients who are assisted in Primary Care. Data collection took place through interviews, foot clinical exams, and medical record analysis. We used the Mann-Whitney, Pearson's Chi-square and multiple logistic regression statistics tests to analyze the data. The association power among categorical variables was measured by Odds Ratio . RESULTS: 322 patients participated. Marital status with a partner presented a protection factor (p = 0.007). Risk factors for the development of the diabetic foot are: arterial hypertension (p = 0.045), obesity (p = 0.011), smoking (p = 0.027), not being submitted to follow ups (p = 0.046), inadequate control of capillary blood glucose (p < 0.001), indisposition to the care of the foot (p=0.014), and foot self-exam less frequently (p = 0.040). CONCLUSION: Sociodemographic, clinical, and self-care aspects interfere in diabetic foot development, highlighting the necessity of effective follow up tracking and educational interventions for patients with diabetes mellitus in Primary Care.

Bean and chia development in accordance with fertilization management.

Chia seed is expanding on the market due to its characteristics, but there are few studies on its response to residual fertilization of other crops. The objective was to evaluate the vegetative and productive parameters of common bean as a function of the base fertilization increment and to verify the influence of the residue of this fertilization on the development of chia. The experiment was carried out in two stages, Maringá State University, Umuarama Regional Campus, in a randomized block design with 4 replications. The treatments for the first stage were: T1 - doses recommended for beans and T2, T3, T4 and T5, were recommended doses for beans with increments for each treatment. The evaluated variables were: shoot dry matter, number of pods per plant, grains per plant, grains per pod, 1000 grains weight and yield. In the second stage, the experiment was installed in the same place of the previous cultivation. The treatments were: residual bean fertilization, T6 - plus the treatment with the recommendation for chia. The evaluated variables were: macro and micronutrient leaf contents, shoot dry matter, final plant population, 1.000 grains weight, oil content and yield. For beans and chia, soil samples were collected after harvest to evaluate chemical attributes. In common bean, the results were not significant in the evaluated parameters. In soil, the residual effect of beans was significant for P and K, with 27.2 mg dm-3 and 167.70 mg dm-3, in treatment T5 and chia was 23.1 mg dm-3 and 89.7 mg dm-3, for treatment T6, respectively. In chia, yield, oil content and P for leaf macro and micronutrient leaf contents were significant. Thus, the vegetative and productive parameters of the common bean were not influenced by the increase in fertilization. The residual effect was higher for P and K, for beans and chia. For chia, influences by residual effect were observed.

Fatores associados ao risco de pé diabético em pessoas com diabetes mellitus na Atenção Primária / Factores asociados al riesgo de pie diabético en personas con diabetes mellitus en la Atención Primaria / Factors associated with the risk of diabetic foot in patients with diabetes mellitus in Primary Care

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar os fatores associados ao risco de pé diabético em pessoas com diabetes mellitus atendidas na Atenção Primária. Método Estudo observacional, analítico e transversal realizado em Teresina, Piauí, com pessoas diabéticas atendidas na Atenção Primária. A coleta de dados ocorreu mediante entrevista, exame clínico dos pés e análise do prontuário. Os dados foram analisados utilizando os testes estatísticos Mann-Whitney, Qui quadrado de Pearson e regressão logística múltipla. A força de associação entre as variáveis categóricas foi aferida pela Odds Ratio . Resultados Participaram 322 pessoas. A situação conjugal com companheiro apresentou fator de proteção (p = 0,007). A hipertensão arterial (p = 0,045), obesidade (p = 0,011), tabagismo (p = 0,027), não ter sido submetido ao rastreamento (p = 0,046), o controle inadequado da glicemia capilar (p < 0,001), a não disposição para cuidar dos pés (p = 0,014) e a não realização do autoexame dos pés com frequência (p = 0,040) se mostraram fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento do pé diabético. Conclusão Os aspectos sociodemográficos, clínicos e autocuidado interferem no risco de desenvolvimento do pé diabético, destacando a necessidade do rastreamento e de intervenções educativas eficientes para pessoas com diabetes mellitus na Atenção Primária.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar los factores asociados al riesgo de pie diabético en personas con diabetes mellitus en la Atención Primaria. Método Se trata de un estudio observacional, analítico y transversal realizado en Teresina, Piauí, con personas diabéticas en la Atención Primaria. La recogida de datos se realizó mediante entrevistas, examen clínico de los pies y análisis de las historias clínicas. Los datos se analizaron por medio de las pruebas estadísticas de Mann-Whitney, Qui cuadrado de Pearson y regresión logística múltiple. La fuerza de la asociación entre las variables categóricas se midió con la Razón de Momios ( Odds Ratio ). Resultados Participaron 322 personas. La situación marital con compañero se presentó como un factor de protección (p = 0,007). La hipertensión arterial (p = 0,045), la obesidad (p = 0,011), el tabaquismo (p = 0,027), el no haber sido sometido a seguimientos (p = 0,046), el control inadecuado de la glicemia capilar (p < 0,001), la falta de disposición para cuidarse los pies (p = 0,014) y la no realización del autoexamen de los pies a menudo (p = 0,040) se revelaron como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo del pie diabético. Conclusión Los aspectos sociodemográficos, clínicos y de autocuidado interfieren en el riesgo de desarrollar pie diabético, lo que pone de manifiesto la necesidad de rastreos e intervenciones educativas eficaces para las personas con diabetes mellitus en la Atención Primaria.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze factors associated with diabetic foot risk in patients with diabetes mellitus assisted in Primary Care. Method Observational, analytic, and transversal study took place in Teresina, Piauí, with diabetic patients who are assisted in Primary Care. Data collection took place through interviews, foot clinical exams, and medical record analysis. We used the Mann-Whitney, Pearson's Chi-square and multiple logistic regression statistics tests to analyze the data. The association power among categorical variables was measured by Odds Ratio . Results 322 patients participated. Marital status with a partner presented a protection factor (p = 0.007). Risk factors for the development of the diabetic foot are: arterial hypertension (p = 0.045), obesity (p = 0.011), smoking (p = 0.027), not being submitted to follow ups (p = 0.046), inadequate control of capillary blood glucose (p < 0.001), indisposition to the care of the foot (p=0.014), and foot self-exam less frequently (p = 0.040). Conclusion Sociodemographic, clinical, and self-care aspects interfere in diabetic foot development, highlighting the necessity of effective follow up tracking and educational interventions for patients with diabetes mellitus in Primary Care.

Care for the critical patient undergoing point-of-care testing: integrative review.

OBJECTIVE: to identify, based on the evidence, point-of-care testing in bedbound in critically ill patients. METHOD: integrative review, carried out through search in Pubmed, Virtual Health Library, Joanna Briggs Institute, The British Institute of Radiology, Brazilian Radiology, and Google Scholar databases. We used the PICO research strategy and selected articles published from 2013 onwards, which presented information about point-of-care testing. RESULTS: the different interventions found in the analysis of the 23 selected articles allowed the thematic grouping of care related to safety in communication, patient identification, care with devices, and the prevention and control of infection, which can be used in point-of-care testing. Final considerations: The care described in the evidence provided support for validating a safe care protocol for critically ill patients undergoing imaging studies in bed.

Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Links with Inflammation and Atherosclerosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We summarize best data of the association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). RECENT FINDINGS: NAFLD has been linked with insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, conditions known to be associated with CVD and subclinical atherosclerosis. The rising evidence of the association between NAFLD and subclinical CVD may suggest that NAFLD is not only a marker but also may be actively involved in pathogenesis of CVD. It is an overview of previous studies assessing relationships between NAFLD and markers of cardiovascular disease, as the presence of coronary artery calcification, increased arterial stiffness, and elevated carotid media thickness, in order to better understand the interplay between these conditions.

Avaliação do risco de ulceração nos pés em pessoas com diabetes mellitus na atenção primária / Evaluación del riesgo de ulceración en piesdepersonas con diabetes mellitus en la atención primaria de salud / Risk evaluation of feet ulceration in people with diabetes mellitus in primary care

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o risco de ulceração nos pés de pessoas com diabetes mellitus atendidas na atenção primária. Método: estudo transversal analítico realizado em Teresina, Piauí, com 308 pacientes, sendo incluídos maiores de 18 anos diagnosticados com diabetes mellitus e excluídos aqueles com ulceração ativa e/ou neuropatia atribuída a outros agravos. Os dados foram coletados mediante formulário sociodemográfico, clínico e de classificação do risco de ulceração nos pés, no período de fevereiro a agosto de 2019. A análise ocorreu a partir de estatísticas descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: dos participantes, 56,5% tinham mais de 60 anos, 59,7% não realizavam o controle da glicemia, 56,2% não praticavam atividade física, 51,3% estavam com sobrepeso e 54,2% apresentaram grau de risco 1 para ulceração nos pés. A situação conjugal, ocupação e diabetes mellitus há mais de 10 anos, controle glicêmico inadequado, hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia e obesidade tiveram associação estatisticamente significativa com o risco de ulceração. Aqueles com pele seca, deformidades, reflexo do tornozelo e percepção de vibração no hálux alterados apresentaram mais probabilidade de ulceração nos pés. Constatou-se que o exame clínico dos pés e a sensibilidade preservada ao monofilamento foram fatores de proteção. Conclusão: observouse que os aspectos sociodemográficos e clínicos interferem na probabilidade de ulceração, sendo que a maioria apresentou risco baixo. Além disso, no exame clínico dos pés, as alterações na sensibilidade vibratória e no reflexo do tornozelo aumentaram a probabilidade de ulceração, destacando-se que a classificação do risco de ulceração é imprescindível na assistência às pessoas com diabetes mellitus.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el riesgo de ulceración del pie en personas con diabetes mellitus tratadas en atención primaria. Método: estudio analítico transversal realizado en Teresina, Piauí, con 308 pacientes, incluidos los mayores de 18 años diagnosticados de diabetes mellitus y excluidos aquéllos con ulceración activa y / o neuropatía atribuida a otras condiciones. Los datos se recogieronde febrero a agosto de 2019 por medio de un formulario sociodemográfico, clínico y de clasificación de riesgo para la ulceración en el pie. El análisis se realizó a través de estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: el 56,5% de los participantes tenía más de 60 años, el 59,7% no realizaba control glucémico, el 56,2% no practicaba actividad física, el 51,3% tenía sobrepeso y el 54,2% tenía un grado de riesgo 1 de ulceración del pie. La situación conjugal, ocupación, diabetes mellitus durante más de 10 años, el inadecuado control glucémico, la hipertensión arterial, la dislipidemia y la obesidad tuvieron una asociación estadísticamente significativa con el riesgo de ulceración. Aquéllos con piel seca, deformidades, reflejo del tendón de Aquiles alterado y percepción alterada de la vibración del hallux tenían más probabilidades de ulceración de pies. Se encontró que el examen clínico de los pies y la sensibilidad conservada al monofilamento eran factores protectores. Conclusión: se observó que los aspectos sociodemográficos y clínicos interfieren con la probabilidad de ulceración, siendo la mayoría de bajo riesgo. Además, en el examen clínico de los pies, los cambios en la sensibilidad vibratoria y en el reflejo del tendón de Aquiles aumentaron la probabilidad de ulceración, destacando que la clasificación del riesgo de ulceración es esencial en la atención de las personas con diabetes mellitus.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the risk of foot ulceration in people with diabetes mellitus treated in primary care. Method: this is a cross-sectional analytical study carried out in Teresina, Piauí, with 308 patients, including those over 18 years old diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and excluding those with active ulceration and/ or neuropathy attributed to other conditions. The data were collected using a sociodemographic, clinical, and risk classification form for the foot ulceration, from February to August 2019. The analysis was based on descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: in the study, 56.5% of the participants were over 60 years old, 59.7% did not perform glycemic control, 56.2% did not practice physical activity, 51.3% were overweight and 54.2% had a degree of risk 1 for foot ulceration. Marital status, occupation, and diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years, inadequate glycemic control, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity had a statistically significant association with the risk of ulceration. Those with dry skin, deformities, ankle reflexes, and altered perception of hallux vibration were more likely to have foot ulcers. We found that the clinical examination of the feet and the preserved sensitivity to the monofilament were protective factors. Conclusion: we observed that the sociodemographic and clinical aspects interfere with the probability of ulceration and most of them present a low risk. Also, in the clinical examination of the feet, changes in vibratory sensitivity and ankle reflex increased the likelihood of ulceration, noting that the classification of the risk of ulceration is essential in assisting people with diabetes mellitus.

Fat Mass Ratio in Brazilian HIV-infected Patients Under Antiretroviral Therapy and Its Relationship With Anthropometric Measurents.

INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus-related lipodystrophy is characterized by a variety of phenotypes and metabolic changes; however, consensus has not yet been reached on its diagnostic criteria. Different cutoff values for fat mass ratio have been proposed for this specific population as an objective diagnostic criterion for lipodystrophy. This study aimed to establish sex-specific reference values for fat mass ratio and to correlate them with anthropometric measurements for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus-related lipodystrophy. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was performed on 189 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients under antiretroviral therapy. Anthropometric measurements were evaluated, and body composition was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fat mass ratio was calculated as the ratio of the percentage of the trunk fat mass and the percentage of the lower limb fat mass. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-two patients (69%) presented lipodystrophy by objective criteria. In men, the cutoff for the fat mass ratio was 1.55 (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.73 [95% confidence interval: 0.62-0.83], p = 0.000008), with a sensitivity of 62.5%, a specificity of 70.5%, a positive predictive value of 77.8%, and a negative predictive value of 53.4%. In women, the cutoff for the fat mass ratio was 0.959 (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.70 [95% confidence interval: 0.56-0.85], p = 0.03), with a sensitivity of 83.60%, a specificity of 61.5%, a positive predictive value of 90.2%, and a negative predictive value of 47.1%. Fat mass ratio was positively correlated with waist circumference (men: r = 0.246, p = 0.019; women: r = 0.302, p = 0.014) and neck circumference (men: r = 0.304, p = 0.004; women: r = 0.366, p = 0.003) in both sexes; and body mass index (r = 0.288, p = 0.006) and waist-hip ratio (r = 0.288, p = 0.006) in men. CONCLUSION: The fat mass ratio evaluated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with the sex-specific cutoffs is an objective tool to define human immunodeficiency virus-related lipodystrophy.

Care for the critical patient undergoing point-of-care testing: integrative review / Cuidado del paciente crítico en la realización del examen de imagen en la cama: revisión integrativa / Cuidados ao paciente crítico na realização do exame de imagem no leito: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify, based on the evidence, point-of-care testing in bedbound in critically ill patients. Method: integrative review, carried out through search in Pubmed, Virtual Health Library, Joanna Briggs Institute, The British Institute of Radiology, Brazilian Radiology, and Google Scholar databases. We used the PICO research strategy and selected articles published from 2013 onwards, which presented information about point-of-care testing. Results: the different interventions found in the analysis of the 23 selected articles allowed the thematic grouping of care related to safety in communication, patient identification, care with devices, and the prevention and control of infection, which can be used in point-of-care testing. Final considerations: The care described in the evidence provided support for validating a safe care protocol for critically ill patients undergoing imaging studies in bed.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar em la evidencia la atención que se debe aplicar al realizar pruebas de imágen esen cama en pacientes críticos. Método: revisión integradora. Se consultaron las bases de datos: Pubmed, Biblioteca Virtual em Salud, Joanna Briggs Institute, The British Institute of Radiology, Radiología Brasileña y académico de Google. Utilizando la estrategia de investigación PICO, se seleccionaron artículos publicados a partir de 2013, que presentaban información sobre laatención al realizar pruebas de imagenen cama. Resultados: las diferentes intervenciones resultantes del análisis de los 23 artículos seleccionados permitieron la agrupación temática de la atención relacionada com la seguridade en la comunicación, la identificación del paciente, la atención con dispositivos y la prevención y el control de infecciones, que pueden utilizarse para realizar pruebas de imagen em la cama. Consideraciones finales: la atención descrita em la evidencia proporciono apoyo para lavalidación de un protocolo de atención segura para pacientes críticos sometidos a imágenes de cama.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar nas evidências os cuidados a serem aplicados na realização de exames de imagem no leito em pacientes críticos. Método: revisão integrativa. Realizada consulta às bases de dados: Pubmed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Joanna Briggs Institute, The British Institute of Radiology, Radiologia Brasileira e Google acadêmico. Utilizada a estratégia PICO de pesquisa, selecionados artigos publicados a partir de 2013, que apresentaram informações sobre cuidados na realização de exames de imagem no leito. Resultados: as diferentes intervenções resultantes da análise dos 23 artigos selecionados permitiram o agrupamento temático dos cuidados relacionados à segurança na comunicação, identificação do paciente, cuidados com dispositivos e prevenção e controle de infecção, os quais podem ser utilizados na realização de exames de imagem no leito. Considerações finais: os cuidados descritos nas evidências forneceram subsídios para a validação de um protocolo de cuidado seguro ao paciente crítico submetido a exames de imagem no leito.