Rare Earth Element Accumulation in Fiddler Crabs (Minuca rapax) from the Rio Doce Tropical Estuary Strongly Affected by Mine Tailings Following the Fundão Disaster.

A mining tailing dam rupture in Brazil in November 2015 released millions of tons of mining waste into the Rio Doce ecosystem, leading to long-term aquatic ecosystem impacts. Although multiple lines of evidence indicate tailings associations with potentially toxic elements in estuarine sediments and biological impact and bioaccumulation pathways in fishes, the extent of contamination in base benthic species is still largely unknown. Moreover, Rare Earth Elements (REE) have not received any attention in this regard. This study assessed REE in fiddler crabs (Minuca rapax) sampled from the Rio Doce estuary in 2017, nearly 2 years after the disaster. The ΣREE in crab hepatopancreas and muscle were high (327.83 mg kg-1 w.w. and 33.84 mg kg-1 w.w., respectively, compared to other assessments in crabs, indicating a preference for REE bioaccumulation in the hepatopancreas compared to muscle. Neodimium, La, and Ce were detected at the highest concentrations. The REE from the Rio Doce Basin were, thus, transported and deposited in the estuary with the mine tailings slurry, leading to bioaccumulation in crabs. This may lead to trophic effects and other ecological impacts not readily measured by typical impact assessment studies, revealing an invisible and not typically acknowledged damage to the Rio Doce estuary.

A multi-biomarker approach to verify chronic effects on Eisenia andrei earthworms exposed to tailings from one of the world's largest mining disasters.

Mining is of great relevance to the global economy, but its activities are challenging due to socio-environmental impacts. In January 2019, an iron ore tailings dam collapsed in Brumadinho (Minas Gerais, Brazil) releasing 12 × 106 m3 of tailings, causing human losses and devastation around 3.13 × 106 m2 of a watershed. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate the potential toxic effects of tailings from the collapsed dam using earthworms Eisenia andrei as a model organism for terrestrial environments. An extensive set of tests was performed, including behavioral (avoidance), acute (mortality and biomass) and chronic tests, such as biomass, reproduction and cytotoxicity (viability and cell density and change in coelomocyte pattern). The physical-chemical characterization revealed a higher density of the tailings in relation to the control soil, which can result in physical changes, such as soil compaction and surface sealing. Aluminum, Ca, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, K, Na and P registered higher concentrations in the tailings compared to the control soil, while Total Nitrogen, Total Organic Carbon and Organic Matter were higher in the natural soil. Based on the avoidance test, an EC50 of 27.18 ± 2.83% was estimated. No lethality was observed in the acute exposure, nor variations in biomass in the acute and chronic assays. However, there was a tendency to reduce the number of juveniles in relation to cocoons in the proportions of 3125; 12.5 and 25%. Significant changes in viability, cell density and pattern of amebocytes and eleocytes were observed up to the 35th day of exposure. A multi-biomarker approach (Integrated Biological Response version 2) indicated concentration-dependent effects and attenuation of cellular changes over time. These are the first results of chronic effects on earthworms exposed to tailings from the B1 dam. Despite being conclusive, we highlight the possible heterogeneity of the tailings and the necessary care in extrapolating the results.

Biomarker response index in earthworms following chronic exposure to leachate from a closed dumpsite: Behavioral, cytotoxicity and antioxidant system alterations.

Leachate, an effluent produced during solid waste decomposition, interacts directly with soil, mainly in dumpsite areas. Studies on terrestrial animal exposure to leachate are, however, lacking. Plants are the most frequently studied organisms, while animal studies, especially earthworms, are limited. Nevertheless, ecotoxicological assessments involving earthworms are crucial due to their role in soil health and ecosystem maintenance, which are paramount in understanding potential terrestrial ecosystem leachate effects. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate behavioral effects, sublethal cytotoxicity and antioxidant system alterations in Eisenia andrei earthworms chronically exposed to leachate from a closed dumpsite. Cytotoxicity was determined by coelomocyte density, viability and cell typing, while antioxidant system alterations were assessed through superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) and metallothionein (MT) determinations. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonylation (PTC) levels were also determined as oxidative effect markers. Finally, the Biomarker Response Index (BRI) was assessed, aiming to quantitatively integrate the results of the investigated endpoints and establish a biological health state (BHS) for each leachate concentration. Leachate exposure led to leak responses at concentrations of up to 50%, but attraction at higher concentrations. Decreased cell density (28%) was observed after 48 days and reduced viability (50%), after 14 days of leachate exposure. The observed cell typing changes indicate anti-inflammatory immune system effects. Leachate exposure led to several antioxidant system alterations, increasing SOD (2-6 %), CAT (5-35 %) and GST (5-70 %) activities and GSH (7-37%) and MT (3-67%) levels. Earthworm antioxidant defenses were, however, able to prevent lipid peroxidation, which decreased (11-37%) following leachate exposure to concentrations above 12.5%, and PTC, which increased at 42 days (26%) and reduced at 56 days (12 %). This is the first PTC assessment in leachate-exposed earthworms. The increased carbonylation levels observed after 42 days alongside MDA decreases highlight the need for further research employing oxidative effect biomarkers other than MDA. Finally, an integrated approach employing the BRI was carried out, revealing mild initial changes evolving to moderate to major effects at the highest leachate exposure concentration, with an effect attenuation detected at the end of the experiment. In this sense, this study brings forth a significant novelty, employing a biomarker previously not assessed in earthworms, demonstrating an oxidative effect, alongside the use of the BRI as an integrative tool for the endpoints applied in this assessment.

Antioxidant system alterations, oxidative, and genotoxic effects in Danio rerio (zebrafish) exposed to leachate from a dumpsite.

Water body contamination by leachate originated from dumpsites is a concern for municipal solid waste (MSW) management. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate antioxidant system alterations and oxidative and genotoxic effects in Danio rerio (zebrafish) exposed to leachate from a closed dumpsite. Groups comprising 50 fish were exposed (96 h) to different leachate concentrations (5, 15, 30, and 50%) to evaluate effects on liver and brain superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) and metallothionein (MT) concentrations, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonylation (PTC) levels. Blood genotoxicity was evaluated by the comet assay. The investigated dumpsite leachate pond presented high chloride concentrations (Cl-; 2288.4 ± 69.5 mg L-1) and high electrical conductivity (EC; 8434.0 mS cm-1), indicating the presence of leachate. Concerning Danio rerio exposure, higher SOD (37%), CAT (67%), and GST (39%) activities and higher GSH (57%) concentrations were observed in liver following exposure to 50% leachate, while decreased brain GST (42%) activities and GSH (90%) levels were observed at the same leachate concentration. A significant increase in the olive tail moment (OTM; 280%) indicative of genotoxicity in blood was observed. A principal component analysis indicated that increased enzymatic activities and high levels of both GSH and MT were not sufficient to prevent the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in PTC and genotoxicity. Therefore, leachate exposure causes sublethal Danio rerio effects, altering the antioxidant system, increasing ROS production, and leading to PTC and genotoxicity. The findings demonstrate the need to further develop sublethal level assessments in zebrafish using leachate from different sources to subsidize risk assessments regarding MSW management.

O impacto financeiro na saúde pública contra ist's em específico hiv no município de Ji-Paraná: análise de dados (2019 a 2022) / The financial impact on public health against ist's in specific hiv in the municipality of Ji-Paraná: data analysis (2019 to 2022) / Impacto financiero en la salud pública contra el vih en el municipio de Ji-Paraná: análisis de datos (2019 a 2022)

O investimento financeiro desempenha um papel fundamental no combate ao HIV, sendo essencial no financiamento de programas de prevenção, como campanhas de conscientização pública, distribuição de preservativos, testagem, tratamento e pesquisas. Sem investimento adequado, as taxas de infecção podem aumentar e as pessoas que vivem com HIV podem não ter acesso aos tratamentos e serviços de que precisam. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar sobre o aumento de investimento na área da vigilância epidemiológica relativa ao combate a Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST's) com um olhar para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana HIV, no município de Ji- Paraná no período de 2019 a 2022. Adotou-se como metodologia uma pesquisa elaborada de forma quantitativa, de caráter exploratório, por meio de uma análise de dados dos registros públicos epidemiológicos e também dos investimentos no fundo municipal de saúde publicados no portal de transparência do município de Ji-Paraná. O seguinte estudo possibilitou a análise dos investimentos realizados no fundo municipal de saúde para a realização de ações voltadas para o controle, diagnósticos e tratamento da Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) que teve influência direta na diminuição dos casos registrados pelo portal do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) no período de 2019 a 2020. Conclui-se que o investimento em saúde pública para o combate ao HIV/AIDS é fundamental e pode ser um grande desafio financeiro para os municípios, especialmente em tempos de crise econômica e escassez de recursos, a alocação de recursos adequados para programas de prevenção, tratamento, cuidados de saúde, serviços de apoio, pesquisa e monitoramento pode ajudar a reduzir a incidência de novos casos de HIV e garantir que as pessoas que vivem com HIV recebam o suporte necessário para gerenciar sua condição.

Financial investment plays a fundamental role in the fight against HIV, being essential in financing prevention programs, such as public awareness campaigns, condom distribution, testing, treatment, and research. Without adequate investment, infection rates can increase and people living with HIV may not have access to the trea- tments and services they need. This study aims to analyze the increase in investment in the area of epidemiological surveillance related to the fight against Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) with a focus on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the mu- nicipality of Ji-Paraná from 2019 to 2022. A quantitative exploratory research methodo- logy was adopted, through an analysis of data from public epidemiological records and also investments in the municipal health fund published on the transparency portal of the municipality of Ji-Paraná. This study enabled the analysis of investments made in the municipal health fund for actions aimed at the control, diagnosis, and treatment of the Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV), which had a direct influence on the decrease in cases recorded by the Notification of Aggravations Information System (SINAN) portal from 2019 to 2020. It is concluded that public health investment for the fight against HIV/AIDS is essential and can be a significant financial challenge for municipalities, especially in times of economic crisis and resource scarcity. Adequate allocation of re- sources for prevention programs, treatment, healthcare, support services, research, and monitoring can help reduce the incidence of new HIV cases and ensure that people living with HIV receive the necessary support to manage their condition. KEYWORDS: AIDS/HIV; Public Health; Financing.

La inversión financiera juega un papel fundamental en la lucha contra el VIH, siendo esencial para el financiamiento de programas de prevención, como campañas de concientización pública, distribución de preservativos, pruebas, tratamiento e investi- gaciones. Sin una inversión adecuada, las tasas de infección pueden aumentar y las per- sonas que viven con VIH pueden no tener acceso a los tratamientos y servicios que nece- sitan. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el aumento de la inversión en el área de la vigilancia epidemiológica en relación a la lucha contra las Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS), con un enfoque en el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana VIH, en el municipio de Ji-Paraná en el período de 2019 a 2022. Se adoptó como metodología una investigación elaborada de forma cuantitativa, de carácter exploratorio, a través de un análisis de datos de registros públicos epidemiológicos y también de las inversiones en el fondo municipal de salud publicadas en el portal de transparencia del municipio de Ji- Paraná. Este estudio permitió el análisis de las inversiones realizadas en el fondo munici- pal de salud para llevar a cabo acciones enfocadas en el control, diagnóstico y tratamiento del Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH), lo que tuvo una influencia directa en la disminución de los casos registrados por el portal del Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación (SINAN) en el período de 2019 a 2020. Se concluye que la inversión en salud pública para la lucha contra el VIH/SIDA es fundamental y puede ser un gran de- safío financiero para los municipios, especialmente en tiempos de crisis económica y es- casez de recursos, la asignación de recursos adecuados para programas de prevención, tratamiento, cuidado de la salud, servicios de apoyo, investigación y monitoreo puede ayudar a reducir la incidencia de nuevos casos de VIH y garantizar que las personas que viven con VIH reciban el apoyo necesario para manejar su condición.

Oxidative stress and metal homeostasis alterations in Danio rerio (zebrafish) under single and combined carbamazepine, acetamiprid and cadmium exposures.

Contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) are routinely detected in aquatic environments, especially pharmaceuticals, such as carbamazepine (CBZ), and neonicotinoid pesticides, like acetamiprid (ACT). CECs can interact with each other and with other legislated contaminants like Cd, resulting in unknown effects. Most studies evaluate only the effects of single contaminant exposures on aquatic biota. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of both single and combined CBZ, ACT and Cd exposures on zebrafish brain and liver oxidative stress parameters and metal homeostasis. The biomarkers catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), total thiols (TOT), metallothionein (MT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the essential elements Ca, Cu, K, Na, Mg, Mn and Zn were evaluated after 96-hour static exposures. CBZ, ACT and Cd single (brain and liver) and combined (liver) treatments resulted in oxidative effects in both fish organs, also leading to metal (Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Zn and Cu) homeostasis alterations. ACT exposure resulted in the greatest adverse effects in the brain, while CBZ was the cause of major element homeostasis and oxidative stress alterations in the liver. Lower LPO levels were observed in the combined treatments compared to single treatments, suggesting interactions and contaminant effect attenuation. This study is the first to evaluate the initial effects of combined CBZ, ACT and Cd exposures in zebrafish, paving the way for further investigations concerning other biomarkers during longer exposure times.

Antioxidant system alterations and biological health status of earthworms following long-term exposure to antibiotic-contaminated poultry litter.

Poultry litter is widely applied as a fertilizer even though it is one of the main antibiotic sources to agricultural soils. Long-term sublethal effects (56 days) on the antioxidant system of Eisenia andrei earthworms following exposure to fluoroquinolone-contaminated poultry litter (enrofloxacin + ciprofloxacin) at 5.0, 10, and 20 g kg-1 were evaluated. The following biomarkers were assessed: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), and a lipid peroxidation (LPO) proxy. Significant CAT and SOD increases, and a moderate positive correlation (ρ = 0.67, p < 0.05) between these enzymes was observed. Glutathione-S-transferase levels increased significantly at 10 g kg-1, while GSH exhibited a dose-dependent response at 5.0 mg kg-1 (4-106%), 10 mg kg-1 (28-330 %), and 20 mg kg-1 (45-472%). LPO levels exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing poultry litter concentrations of 8-170% (5.0 g kg-1), 7-104% (10 mg kg-1), and 3-6% (20 mg kg-1). A principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted increased SOD and CAT activities, possibly due to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations. Biological health status assessments based on the biomarker response index indicate major alterations in the first month of exposure and becoming moderate in the second month. These findings indicate an antioxidant system attenuation trend. It is possible, however, that successive poultry litter applications may reduce the long-term recovery capacity of the evaluated biomarkers.

Investigando os olhares da saúde coletiva sobre a agroecologia / Investigating the views of collective health on agroecology

RESUMO A agroecologia tem sido objeto no campo da saúde coletiva/pública de maneira crescente nas duas últimas décadas no Brasil. Conforme o tema ganha relevância, importa verificar como o campo tem abordado a agroecologia, tendo em vista a persistência de tendências à redução e ao esvaziamento no processo de apropriação de conceitos ao campo. Artigos científicos da saúde foram analisados por procedimentos da análise de conteúdo e da análise do discurso, atentando aos sentidos e temas mais recorrentes, bem como às ausências nas abordagens sobre agroecologia. Resultados mostram que abordagens de tendência mais normativa/regulatória da saúde coletiva tendem a se associar à vertente mais técnica da agroecologia; silenciamentos sobre legitimidade da origem 'tradicional'/'indígena'/'popular' e sobre o protagonismo das mulheres na construção do conhecimento agroecológico; a importância histórica de movimentos populares na constituição desse campo científico; e, ainda, apontam o reconhecimento da agroecologia enquanto um campo que, como o da saúde coletiva, está em disputa. Fazem-se considerações sobre a redução da agroecologia a um sistema ecológico de produção que 'naturalmente promove saúde' e possíveis repercussões para cooptação da pauta agroecológica pelos discursos hegemônicos. Reflete-se sobre a importância da apropriação crítica de conceitos no diálogo entre os campos.

ABSTRACT Agroecology has been an object in collective/public health in an increasing way in the last two decades. As its gains relevance, it is important to verify how Brazilian academic health literature has addressed agroecology, considering the persistent tendencies towards reduction, standardization and emptying when concepts are appropriated by the field. Scientific papers in health were analyzed through content and speech analysis, paying attention to the recurring meanings and themes, as well as to the 'absences' in health discourses related to agroecology. Results show that collective health instrumental approaches tend to be associated with more 'technical' agroecology perspectives; persistent silencing related to 'traditional '/'indigenous'/'popular' and woman protagonism in agroecological knowledge construction; recognition of the emergence of agroecology as a scientific field as part of the historic popular movements struggle; and, further, to the consideration of agroecology as a scientific field that is in dispute, just like collective health. Considerations are made involving the reduction of agroecology as an ecological-based agricultural system that 'naturally promotes health', and its possible repercussions in agroecological agenda cooptation. It is discussed the importance of critical appropriation of concepts in deepening dialogues between the fields of collective health and agroecology.

Análise do perfil e da frequência de erros de dispensação de medicamentos em um hospital de médio porte nos anos de 2009 a 2019 / Analysis of the profile and frequency of medication dispensing errors in a medium-sized hospital in the years 2009 to 2019

Objetivo: avaliar o perfil e a frequência de erros de dispensação de medicamentos entre os anos de 2009 e 2019 em um hospital de médio porte. Métodos: neste trabalho descritivo documental de abordagem quantitativa, os medicamentos envolvidos em erros de dispensação foram classificados de acordo com Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) e medicamentos potencialmente perigosos. E os erros foram categorizados segundo guia da Política Nacional de Segurança do Paciente (PNSP). Resultados: os resultados demonstraram que os erros aumentaram no decorrer dos anos, apresentando 28 erros/mês no primeiro ano e 58,6 erros/mês no último, e que os tipos de erros mais frequentes são de omissão do envio (n=1532; 39,0%) e dispensação com dose ou quantidade errada (n=827; 21,0%). A classe de medicamento prescrita mais envolvida em erros foi a de agentes anti-infecciosos de uso sistêmico (n=806; 20,5%). Entre os medicamentos potencialmente perigosos, os de ação no sistema nervoso (n=271; 32,8%) foram os mais dispensados de forma errada, tendo, também, como principal tipo de erro, a omissão, e seu principal representante foi o diazepam (n=84; 31,0%). Conclusões: a quantidade de erros de dispensação (mais de um por dia, em média) evidencia a importância do profissional farmacêutico como potencializador para transformar esse cenário, tanto no âmbito gerencial ao propor barreiras de segurança, quanto clínico, ao acompanhar o processo de uso dos medicamentos.

Objetctive: to evaluate the profile and frequency of medication dispensing errors between the years of 2009 to 2019 in a medium-sized hospital. Methods: In this descriptive documentary work of quantitative approach, the drugs involved in dispensing errors were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) and potentially dangerous drugs. The errors were categorized according to the guidelines of the National Policy for Patient Safety (NPPS). Results: The results showed that errors increased over the years, presenting 28 errors/month in the first year and 58.6 errors/month in the last, and that the most frequent types of errors are shipment omission (n = 1532; 39.0%) and dispensing with wrong dose or amount (n = 827; 21.0%). The medication class prescribed most involved in errors was anti-infective agents for systemic use (n = 806; 20.5%). Among the potentially dangerous drugs, those with action on the nervous system (n = 271; 32.8%) were the most misdispensed, also having omission as the main type of error, and its main representative was diazepam (n = 84; 31.0%). Conclusions: The amount of dispensing errors (more than one per day, on average) highlights the importance of the professional pharmacist as a potential generator to transform this scenario, both managerially, by proposing safety barriers, and clinically, by monitoring the process of medication use.

Contamination and oxidative stress biomarkers in estuarine fish following a mine tailing disaster.

BACKGROUND: The Rio Doce estuary, in Brazil, was impacted by the deposition of iron mine tailings, caused by the collapse of a dam in 2015. Based on published baseline datasets, the estuary has been experiencing chronic trace metal contamination effects since 2017, with potential bioaccumulation in fishes and human health risks. As metal and metalloid concentrations in aquatic ecosystems pose severe threats to the aquatic biota, we hypothesized that the trace metals in estuarine sediments nearly two years after the disaster would lead to bioaccumulation in demersal fishes and result in the biosynthesis of metal-responsive proteins. METHODS: We measured As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Se and Zn concentrations in sediment samples in August 2017 and compared to published baseline levels. Also, trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Se and Zn) and protein (metallothionein and reduced glutathione) concentrations were quantified in the liver and muscle tissues of five fish species (Cathorops spixii, Genidens genidens, Eugerres brasilianus, Diapterus rhombeus and Mugil sp.) from the estuary, commonly used as food sources by local populations. RESULTS: Our results revealed high trace metal concentrations in estuarine sediments, when compared to published baseline values for the same estuary. The demersal fish species C. spixii and G. genidens had the highest concentrations of As, Cr, Mn, Hg, and Se in both, hepatic and muscle, tissues. Trace metal bioaccumulation in fish was correlated with the biosynthesis of metallothionein and reduced glutathione in both, liver and muscle, tissues, suggesting active physiological responses to contamination sources. The trace metal concentrations determined in fish tissues were also present in the estuarine sediments at the time of this study. Some elements had concentrations above the maximum permissible limits for human consumption in fish muscles (e.g., As, Cr, Mn, Se and Zn), suggesting potential human health risks that require further studies. Our study supports the high biogeochemical mobility of toxic elements between sediments and the bottom-dwelling biota in estuarine ecosystems.

Triclocarban affects earthworms during long-term exposure: Behavior, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity assessments.

Triclocarban (TCC) is a contaminant of emerging concern widely applied as an antimicrobial in personal care products and introduced into the terrestrial environment through the application of biosolids (i.e., treated sewage sludge) in agriculture. Displaying the potential to bioaccumulate in the food chain and a high half-life in the soil, the presence of this compound in the environment may lead to potential ecological risks. In this context, TCC toxicity assessments in Eisenia andrei earthworms were carried out through acute, avoidance and chronic tests following cytotoxicity, antioxidant system, i.e. acatalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and DNA damage (comet assay) evaluations. An LC50 of 3.3 ± 1.6 mg cm-2 in the acute contact test and an EC50 of 1.92 ± 0.31 mg kg-1 in the avoidance test during 72 h and 48 h, respectively, were obtained. The behavioral test indicates earthworm avoidance from 15.0 mg kg-1 of TCC. During chronic soil exposure, a 44% reduction in earthworm cell viability was observed after 14 days of exposure to 10 mg kg-1 TCC, while an increase in the percentage of amoebocyte cells also ocurred. Chronic exposure to TCC led to reduced CAT and GST activities, decreased GSH levels and increased LPO in exposed organisms. DNA damage was observed after 45 days from a 1 mg kg-1 dose of TCC. Therefore, TCC exhibits toxicological potential to Eisenia andrei earthworms, mainly during long-term exposures. This study provides mechanistic earthworm information towards understanding the environmental and human health implications of TCC exposure and draws attention to correct biosolid management.

Sub-lethal effects of the pesticide imazalil on the earthworm Eisenia andrei: reproduction, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress.

Although considered an emerging contaminant and detected in the environment, the systematic and penetration fungicide imazalil ((RS)-1-(ß-allyloxy-2,4-dichlorophenylethyl) imidazole) has received relatively little scientific attention with regard to its possible negative effects in the environment. Only a few toxicological studies have assessed the potential environmental effect of imazalil and its impact on organisms. In this context, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of the pesticide imazalil on the earthworm Eisenia andrei in acute contact and chronic tests in natural soil. Moreover, several endpoints, such as biomass loss or gain, reproduction, behavior, effects on immune system cells, and oxidative stress were also evaluated. Imazalil toxicity to E. andrei was determined by three approaches: a filter paper contact test (0, 0.16, 1.66, 16.6, 166 µg.cm-2), an avoidance (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg.kg-1), and a chronic test for 45 days (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg.kg-1). All organisms exposed to the filter paper contact and chronic tests were submitted to two endpoint analyses: first, coelomic fluid collection by the extrusion method to determine density, viability, and cell type; second, oxidative stress assessments by determining GST and CAT enzymatic activities. This study allows for the conclusion that imazalil does not cause immediate earthworm death after exposure (LC50 > 166 µg.cm-1). However, due to several complementary factors, this compound may compromise earthworm health and lead to death, as E. andrei individuals did not avoid the contaminated soil, thus contributing to longer exposure periods and consequent cumulative damage to their systems. Decreased immunocompetent cellular viability (p < 0.05) and density (p < 0.05) in the chronic test are noteworthy, leading to susceptibility to exogenous factors, as well as irreversible cellular damage provoked by oxidative stress, such as cellular membrane rupture.

Role of Sonic hedgehog signaling in cell cycle, oxidative stress, and autophagy of temozolomide resistant glioblastoma.

The first-line chemotherapy treatment for Glioblastoma (GBM) - the most aggressive and frequent brain tumor - is temozolomide (TMZ). The Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway is involved with GBM tumorigenesis and TMZ chemoresistance. The role of SHH pathway inhibition in the potentiation of TMZ's effects using T98G, U251, and GBM11 cell lines is investigated herein. The combination of GANT-61 and TMZ over 72 hr suggested a synergistic effect. All TMZ-resistant cell lines displayed a significant decrease in cell viability, increased DNA fragmentation and loss of membrane integrity. For T98G cells, G2 /M arrest was observed, while U251 cells presented a significant increase in reactive oxygen species production and catalase activity. All the cell lines presented acidic vesicles formation correlated to Beclin-1 overexpression. The combined treatment also enhanced GLI1 expression, indicating the presence of select resistant cells. The selective inhibition of the SHH pathway potentiated the cytotoxic effect of TMZ, thus becoming a promising in vitro strategy for GBM treatment.

Análisis del concepto de sondaje orogástrico en neonatos prematuros, según el método evolutivo / Concept analisys orogastric tube in premature neonates according to the evolucionary method

OBJETIVO: analizar el concepto de sondaje orogástrico en neonatos prematuros en las publicaciones científicas, con base en el método evolucionario. METODOLOGÍA: se trata de un estudio de análisis del concepto fundamentado en las etapas del Método Evolucionario, donde lo más destacado es la investigación inductiva y descriptiva, con énfasis en la naturaleza del concepto, que se construyó a partir de una revisión de literatura realizada en las bases de datos CINHAL, Medline/PubMed, Lilacs, BDENF y Scielo, con los términos "orogastric tube" OR "oral gastric tube" AND "Infant, Premature". RESULTADOS: Se organizó la síntesis del análisis del concepto, en la cual constan los atributos esenciales y los términos sustitutos que a menudo están asociados al concepto de sonda orogástrica, en los más distintos contextos y áreas. Además, se señalaron los eventos anteriores prevalentes para expresar la ocurrencia del concepto analizado y los eventos consecuentes que se manifiestan como resultado del uso del concepto. CONCLUSIÓN: el método utilizado permitió identificar, organizar y aplicar el concepto del estudio, de forma a explorar el significado atribuido al concepto de sondaje orogástrico en neonatos prematuros.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the concept of orogastric tube in premature neonates in scientific publications based on evolutionary method. METHOD: It is a concept analysis study based on the steps of Evolutionary Method, in which the highlight is the inductive and descriptive research, with emphasis on the concept of nature, which was built from a literature review conductedin the following databases: CINAHL Complete, Medline / PubMed®, LILACS, BDENF and Scielo using the terms "orogastric tube" OR "oral gastric tube" AND "Infant, Premature". RESULTS: From the reading of this material found was organized synthesis of concept analysis, bearing the essential attributes and terms substitutes that are often associated with the concept orogastric tube, in various contexts and areas. In addition, they indicated is the prevailing background events to express the concept occurring in question and the events consequential occur as a result of the use of the concept. CONCLUSION: the method used allowed to identify, organize and apply the study concept, in order to explore the meaning attributed to the concept of orogastric probing in preterm infants.

Padrão de consumo de álcool entre trabalhadores de um colégio técnicoagrícola: estudo transversal / Pattern of alcohol consumption among workers of a technical-agricultural college: transversal study / Patrón de consumo de alcohol entre los trabajadores de una escuela técnica agrícola: investigación transversal

Objetivo: traçar o padrão de consumo de álcool entre trabalhadores de um colégio técnico-agrícola de uma cidade nordestina brasileira. Método: pesquisa quantitativa, transversal e descritiva com 30 trabalhadores, com amostragem censitária. Elencou-se como critérios de elegibilidade: ser servidor público concursado na instituição e com vínculo empregatício de, pelo menos, seis meses. A coleta ocorreu por meio da aplicação do Teste para Identificação de Problemas relacionados ao Uso de Álcool e os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados: verificou-se que 73% dos trabalhadores consumiram álcool nos últimos 12 meses; que o maior padrão de consumo de risco e nocivo ocorreu entre homens, com idades entre 30 e 39 anos, casados, com pósgraduação completa, com renda entre três e cinco salários mínimos. Conclusões: o padrão de consumo de álcool identificado foi de que os participantes consumiram bebidas alcoólicas nos últimos 12 meses com padrão de risco e nocivo.

Objective: to draw the pattern of alcohol consumption among workers of a technical-agricultural college in a Brazilian northeastern city. Method: a quantitative, transversal and descriptive research with 30 workers, with census sampling. It was listed as eligibility criteria: to be a public servant who has been a bankrupt in the institution and who has been employed for at least six months. The collection took through the application of the Test for Identification of Problems related to the Use of Alcohol and the data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics. Results: it was found that 73% of the workers have used alcohol in the last 12 months, above the national average. That the highest pattern of risk and harmful consumption occurred among men, aged between 30 and 39 years, married, with a full postgraduate studies, with income between three and five minimum wages. Conclusion: the pattern of alcohol consumption identified was that the participants consumed alcoholic beverages in the last 12 months with a risk and harmful pattern

Objetivo: dibujar el patrón de consumo de alcohol entre los trabajadores de una escuela técnica agrícola, en una ciudad del nordeste brasileño. Método: se realizó una investigación cuantitativa, transversal y descriptiva con 30 trabajadores, con muestreo censal. Se definió como criterios de elegibilidad: ser servidor público concursado en la institución y con vínculo laboral de al menos seis meses. La recolección ocurrió mediante la aplicación de la prueba para Identificación de Problemas relacionados con el consumo de alcohol y los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se encontró que el 73% de los trabajadores han usado alcohol en los últimos 12 meses, por encima de la media nacional; el mayor patrón de consumo de riesgo y perjudicial ocurrió entre los hombres, de edades comprendidas entre 30 y 39 años de edad, casados, con estudios de postgrado completo, con ingreso mensual entre tres y cinco salarios mínimos. Conclusión: el patrón de consumo de alcohol identificado fue que los participantes consumieron bebidas alcohólicas en los últimos 12 meses con un patrón de riesgo y perjudicial.

Cross-cultural adaptation methods of instruments in the nursing area. / Métodos de adaptação transcultural de instrumentos na área da enfermagem.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze scientific publications in order to identify the cross-cultural adaptation methods of instruments that are mainly applied in nursing. METHOD: Integrative review, in the electronic sources Medline - Pubmed, Cinahl, Lilacs, Scopus and Web of Science. 96 peer-reviewed papers, published between 2010 and 2015 were selected. RESULTS: The articles that composed the sample were published in 59 different journals, 15.2% were Brazilian. The largest number of publications was concentrated in 2015 (31.2%), 28 countries appeared on the list which is led by Brazil (33.3%), followed by China (10.4%). It was used 26 different guidelines, however the one proposed by Beaton and their collaborators was mentioned in 47 (49.0%) articles and the Brislin's in 12 (12.5%). CONCLUSION: This review does not allow us to define the most appropriate method, however all methods applied agreed on the use of back translation. In addition, many studies in different languages and countries showed the international acceptability of the method developed by Beaton et al.

Janeiro Branco: rede de atenção à saúde mental

O vídeo fala sobre o tema janeiro branco: rede de atenção à saúde mental, rede de atenção psicossocial, atenção básica em saúde, equipes de consultórios na rua, NASF, CAPS I, II e II, residências terapêuticas e sobre as unidades de acolhimento.

Síndrome de burnout em profi ssionais dos centros de atenção psicossocial: um estudo descritivo / Burnout syndrome in professional workers from psychosocial care centers: a descriptive study

A Síndrome de Burnout é um transtorno mental que acomete trabalhadores como resposta a um estresse crônico, composto por três elementos centrais: exaustão emocional, despersonalização e redução da realização pessoal. Objetivou-se verifi car a prevalência da Síndrome de Burnout em profi ssionais da saúde mental dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial numa cidade do Piauí. Estudo descritivo com 16 profi ssionais de dois Centros de Atenção Psicossocial. Os dados foram coletados através de dois instrumentos: Questionário sociodemográfi co e Inventário Burnout Maslach-Human Services Survey. Os achados revelaram as dimensões da Síndrome de Burnout: 37,5% dos profi ssionais obtiveram alta exaustão emocional; 31,5% deles, baixa realização profi ssional; e 12,5%, alta despersonalização. Os profi ssionais mais jovens obtiveram maior tendência para a Síndrome de Burnout. Conclui-se que há uma necessidade de estabelecer processos que visem ao desenvolvimento de recursos para lidar com o estresse e com as difi culdades inerentes ao trabalho em saúde mental

Burnout Syndrome is a mental disorder that affects workers as a response to chronic stress, composed of three central elements: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduction of personal fulfi llment. This study aimed to verify the prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in mental health professionals of the Psychosocial Care Centers in a city of Piauí. Descriptive study with 16 professionals from two Psychosocial Care Centers. Data were collected through two instruments: Sociodemographic questionnaire and Burnout Maslach-Human Services Survey. The fi ndings revealed the dimensions of Burnout Syndrome: 37.5% of the professionals obtained high emotional exhaustion; 31.5% of them, low professional achievement; and 12.5%, high depersonalization. Younger professionals were more likely to have Burnout Syndrome. It is concluded that there is a need to establish processes that aim at the development of resources to deal with stress and with the diffi culties inherent in working in mental health.to develop resources to cope with stress and the diffi culties inherent in working in mental health

Métodos de adaptação transcultural de instrumentos na área da enfermagem / Métodos de adaptación transcultural de instrumentos en el campo de la enfermería / Cross-cultural adaptation methods of instruments in the nursing area

Resumo OBJETIVO Identificar os métodos de adaptação transcultural de instrumentos mais utilizados na área da enfermagem. MÉTODOS Revisão integrativa, em fontes eletrônicas Medline via Pubmed, Cinahl, Lilacs, Scopus e Web of Science. Foram selecionados 96 artigos revisados por pares e publicados entre 2010 e 2015. RESULTADOS Os artigos que compuseram a amostra foram publicados em 59 periódicos diferentes, sendo 15,2% destes brasileiros. O maior número de publicações concentrou-se em 2015 (31,2%). Além disso, 28 países apareceram na lista liderada pelo Brasil (33,3%), seguido de China (10,4%). Utilizaram-se 27 modelos de adaptação transcultural diferentes. Entretanto, o proposto por Beaton e colaboradores foi citado em 47(49,0%) artigos, e o de Brislin em 12 (12,5%). CONCLUSÕES Não há consenso sobre adaptação transcultural, entretanto todos os métodos coincidiram na utilização da etapa de retrotradução. Além disso, diversos estudos em diferentes idiomas e países apontaram a aceitabilidade internacional do método desenvolvido por Beaton e colaboradores.

Resumen OBJETIVO Analizar las publicaciones científicas para identificar los métodos de adaptación transcultural de instrumentos más aplicados en el campo de la enfermería. MÉTODO Revisión integrativa, en las fuentes electrónicas: Medline via Pubmed, Cinahl, Lilacs, Scopus y Web of Science. Fueron seleccionados 96 estudios revisados por pares, publicados desde 2010 hasta 2015. RESULTADOS Los artículos que compusieron la muestra eran de 59 periódicos diferentes, 15.2% eran brasileños. El mayor número de publicaciones fueran centradas en 2015 (31.2%), 28 países aparecieron en la lista que está encabezada por Brasil (33,3%), seguido por China (10,4%). 26 guidelines diferentes fueron utilizados, sin embargo, el propuesto por Beaton y sus colaboradores se ha citado en 49,0% y el de Brislin 12,5%. CONCLUSIÓN Esta revisión no permite definir un consenso del método más adecuado, sin embargo todos los métodos utilizados coinciden en el uso de back translation. Además, diversos estudios en distintos idiomas y países señalaron la aceptación internacional del método de Beaton et al.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To analyze scientific publications in order to identify the cross-cultural adaptation methods of instruments that are mainly applied in nursing. METHOD Integrative review, in the electronic sources Medline - Pubmed, Cinahl, Lilacs, Scopus and Web of Science. 96 peer-reviewed papers, published between 2010 and 2015 were selected. RESULTS The articles that composed the sample were published in 59 different journals, 15.2% were Brazilian. The largest number of publications was concentrated in 2015 (31.2%), 28 countries appeared on the list which is led by Brazil (33.3%), followed by China (10.4%). It was used 26 different guidelines, however the one proposed by Beaton and their collaborators was mentioned in 47 (49.0%) articles and the Brislin's in 12 (12.5%). CONCLUSION This review does not allow us to define the most appropriate method, however all methods applied agreed on the use of back translation. In addition, many studies in different languages and countries showed the international acceptability of the method developed by Beaton et al.

Vivência de mães na conciliação entre aleitamento materno e estudos universitários / Experience of mothers in agreement between breastfeeding and university studies

Resumo Objetivo: Conhecer a vivência de mães na conciliação entre aleitamento materno e estudos universitários. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo e qualitativo, no qual foram incluídas oito estudantes de uma instituição de ensino superior do município de Floriano, Piauí, Brasil. Como técnica para produção de dados, utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: Com base na análise dos dados, emergiram três categorias: Os desafios para aleitar diante do retorno às atividades acadêmicas; A necessidade de apoio familiar na experiência do aleitamento materno; e As estratégias utilizadas pelas mães para alimentação da criança no retorno às atividades acadêmicas. Os desafios na experiência do aleitamento materno envolveram carga horária excessiva e horários rígidos para o desenvolvimento das atividades acadêmicas, além da falta de um ambiente adequado para realização do aleitamento materno na instituição de ensino. Em relação à necessidade de apoio familiar, as mães universitárias relataram que foi insuficiente na experiência de conciliar o aleitamento materno com a vida acadêmica. No que diz respeito às estratégias das mães no retorno às atividades acadêmicas para alimentação da criança identificaram-se ordenha manual; introdução de leite industrializado; inserção da alimentação complementar; e a interrupção do aleitamento de acordo com a atitude da criança. Conclusão: A experiência do aleitamento materno foi percebida pelas mães universitárias como desafios e descrita com estratégias e técnicas que visam à sua manutenção.

Resumen Objetivo: Comprender la experiencia de las madres en la conciliación entre la lactancia materna y los estudios universitarios. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo y cualitativo, en el cual se incluyeron ocho estudiantes de una institución de educación superior del municipio de Floriano, Piauí, Brasil. Para la recolección de datos, se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de la técnica de análisis de contenido de Bardin. Resultados: Con base en el análisis de los datos, surgieron tres categorías: Los desafíos para amamantar frente al retorno a las actividades académicas; La necesidad de apoyo familiar en la experiencia de la lactancia materna; y Las estrategias utilizadas por las madres para la alimentación del niño en el retorno a las actividades académicas. Los desafíos en la experiencia de la lactancia materna involucraron una carga horaria excesiva y horarios rígidos para el desarrollo de las actividades académicas, además de la falta de un ambiente adecuado para llevar a cabo la lactancia materna en la institución educativa. En cuanto a la necesidad del apoyo familiar, las madres universitarias informaron que ésta fue insuficiente en la experiencia de conciliar la lactancia materna con la vida académica. Respecto a las estrategias de las madres en el retorno a las actividades académicas para la alimentación del niño, se identificaron: la extracción manual de leche materna, el uso de leche industrializada, la inclusión de alimentación complementaria y la interrupción de la lactancia según la actitud del niño. Conclusión: Las madres universitarias percibieron la experiencia de la lactancia materna como un desafío y la describieron con estrategias y técnicas que apuntan a mantenerla.

Abstract Objective: To understand the experience of mothers in agreement between breastfeeding and university studies. Methodology: This is a qualitative, descriptive study, including eight undergraduate students from higher educational institution of Floriano municipality, Piauí, Brazil. For data collection, a semi-structured interview was used. Data were analyzed using the Bardin content analysis. Results: On the basis of data analysis resulting from interviewees' responses, emerged the following three categories: The challenges for breastfeeding against return to academic activities; The need for family support in the experience of breastfeeding; and The strategies used by mothers for breastfeeding in return to academic activities. Challenges in the experience of breastfeeding involved an excessive class load and an inflexible class schedules for developing academic activities, in addition to the absence of appropriate environment to carry out the breastfeeding in the educational institution. With regard to the need for family support, the student mothers reported that it was deficient in the experience in reconciling breastfeeding and academic life. In respect of mother's strategies to return to academic activities for infant feeding, the following strategies were highlighted: breast milk hand expression, use of infant formula, complementary feeding, and lactation suppression according to child's attitude. Conclusion: Student mothers perceived the experience of breastfeeding as a challenge and they described it with strategies and techniques in order to maintain it.