ABSTRACT
The preclinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetic properties of (2R)-6-methoxy-8-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)chromane-2-carboxamide (AZD3783), a potent 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B (5-HT(1B)) receptor antagonist, were characterized as part of translational pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic hypothesis testing in human clinical trials. The affinity of AZD3783 to the 5-HT(1B) receptor was measured in vitro by using membrane preparations containing recombinant human or guinea pig 5-HT(1B) receptors and in native guinea pig brain tissue. In vivo antagonist potency of AZD3783 for the 5HT(1B) receptor was investigated by measuring the blockade of 5-HT(1B) agonist-induced guinea pig hypothermia. The anxiolytic-like potency was assessed using the suppression of separation-induced vocalization in guinea pig pups. The affinity of AZD3783 for human and guinea pig 5-HT(1B) receptor (K(i), 12.5 and 11.1 nM, respectively) was similar to unbound plasma EC(50) values for guinea pig receptor occupancy (11 nM) and reduction of agonist-induced hypothermia (18 nM) in guinea pig. Active doses of AZD3783 in the hypothermia assay were similar to doses that reduced separation-induced vocalization in guinea pig pups. AZD3783 demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic properties. The predicted pharmacokinetic parameters (total plasma clearance, 6.5 ml/min/kg; steady-state volume of distribution, 6.4 l/kg) were within 2-fold of the values observed in healthy male volunteers after a single 20-mg oral dose. This investigation presents a direct link between AZD3783 in vitro affinity and in vivo receptor occupancy to preclinical disease model efficacy. Together with predicted human pharmacokinetic properties, we have provided a model for the quantitative translational pharmacology of AZD3783 that increases confidence in the optimal human receptor occupancy required for antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in patients.
Subject(s)
Benzopyrans/pharmacology , Benzopyrans/pharmacokinetics , Morpholines/pharmacology , Morpholines/pharmacokinetics , Protein Binding/drug effects , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/metabolism , Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology , Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacokinetics , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/analysis , Animals , Anti-Anxiety Agents/blood , Anti-Anxiety Agents/chemistry , Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Benzopyrans/blood , Benzopyrans/chemistry , Disease Models, Animal , Dogs , Double-Blind Method , Guinea Pigs , Hepatocytes/drug effects , Humans , Hypothermia, Induced , Macaca fascicularis , Male , Microsomes, Liver/drug effects , Molecular Targeted Therapy , Morpholines/blood , Morpholines/chemistry , Radioligand Assay , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists/blood , Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists/chemistry , Serotonin Receptor Agonists/adverse effects , Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology , Translational Research, BiomedicalABSTRACT
We describe herein the discovery of novel, de novo designed, 5-HT(1B) receptor antagonists that lack a basic moiety and that provide improved hERG and in vitro phospholipidosis profiles. We used a known 5-HT(1B) antagonist template as our starting point and focused on replacing the piperazine moiety. Pyrazole-based ideas were designed and synthesized among a small library of piperazine replacements. To our knowledge, these are the first potent, nonbasic, functionally active antagonists of the 5-HT(1B) receptor.
Subject(s)
Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists , Animals , Binding, Competitive , CHO Cells , Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Drug Design , Drug Partial Agonism , ERG1 Potassium Channel , Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels/metabolism , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Hypothermia/drug therapy , Lipidoses/chemically induced , Lipidoses/metabolism , Phospholipids/metabolism , Piperazines/adverse effects , Piperazines/chemical synthesis , Piperazines/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/adverse effects , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Radioligand Assay , Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Cerebral deposition of amyloid beta-protein (A beta) is believed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Because A beta is produced from the processing of amyloid beta-protein precursor (APP) by beta- and gamma-secretases, these enzymes are considered important therapeutic targets for identification of drugs to treat Alzheimer's disease. Unlike beta-secretase, which is a monomeric aspartyl protease, gamma-secretase activity resides as part of a membrane-bound, high molecular weight, macromolecular complex. Pepstatin and L685458 are among several structural classes of gamma-secretase inhibitors identified so far. These compounds possess a hydroxyethylene dipeptide isostere of aspartyl protease transition state analogs, suggesting gamma-secretase may be an aspartyl protease. However, the mechanism of inhibition of gamma-secretase by pepstatin and L685458 has not been elucidated. In this study, we report that pepstatin A methylester and L685458 unexpectedly displayed linear non-competitive inhibition of gamma-secretase. Sulfonamides and benzodiazepines, which do not resemble transition state analogs of aspartyl proteases, also displayed potent, non-competitive inhibition of gamma-secretase. Models to rationalize how transition state analogs inhibit their targets by non-competitive inhibition are discussed.
