ABSTRACT
New and simple ligand design strategies for the preparation of versatile metal-based catalysts capable of operating under greener and eco-friendly conditions in several industrially attractive processes are in high demand for society development. We present the first nucleophilic addition of an organolithium to ketenimines which incorporates a stereogenic centre in an N-donor atom to prepare new enantiopure NNN-donor scorpionates. We have also verified its potential utility as a valuable scaffold for chirality induction through the preparation of inexpensive, non-toxic and asymmetric zinc complexes. The pro-ligands and the corresponding zinc-based complexes have been characterized by X-ray diffraction studies. DFT studies were carried out to rationalize the different complexation abilities of these pro-ligands. These complexes have proved to act as highly efficient catalysts for a variety of sustainable bioresourced processes that are industrially attractive, with a wide substrate scope. Thus, complex 7 behaves as a highly efficient initiator for the well-behaved living ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of rac-lactide under very mild conditions. The PLA materials produced exhibited enhanced levels of isoselectivity, comparable to the highest value reported so far for zinc-based catalysts (Pi = 0.88). In addition, the combination of 7 with onium halide salts functioned as a very active and selective catalyst for CO2 fixation into five-membered cyclic carbonates through the cycloaddition of CO2 into epoxides under very mild and solvent-free conditions, reaching very good to excellent conversions (TOF = 227 h-1). Furthermore, this bicomponent system exhibits a broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, including mono- and di-substituted epoxides, as well as the very challenging bio-renewable tri-substituted terpene-derived cis/trans-limonene oxide, whose reaction proceeds with high stereoselectivity. Finally, complex 7 also achieved high activity and selectivity as a one-component initiator for the synthesis of poly(cyclohexene carbonate)s via ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of cyclohexene oxide and CO2 under very soft conditions, affording materials with narrow dispersity values.
ABSTRACT
New mono- and dinuclear chiral alkoxide/thioalkoxide NNO-scorpinate zinc complexes were easily synthesized in very high yields, and characterized by spectroscopic methods. X-ray diffraction analysis unambiguously confirmed the different nuclearity of the new complexes as well as the variety of coordination modes of the scorpionate ligands. Scorpionate zinc complexes 2, 4 and 6 were assessed as catalysts for polycarbonate production from epoxide and carbon dioxide with no need for a co-catalyst or activator under mild conditions. Interestingly, at 70 °C, 10 bar of CO2 pressure and 1 mol % of loading, the dinuclear thioaryloxide [Zn(bpzaepe)2{Zn(SAr)2}] (4) behaves as an efficient and selective one-component initiator for the synthesis of poly(cyclohexene carbonate) via ring-opening copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO2, affording polycarbonate materials with narrow dispersity values.
ABSTRACT
Two new derivatives of the bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methane modified by introduction of organosilyl groups on the central carbon atom, one of which bearing a chiral fragment, have been easily prepared. We verified the potential utility of these compounds through the reaction with [Zr(NMe2)4] for the preparation of novel zirconium complexes in which an ancillary bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methanide acts as a robust monoanionic tridentate scorpionate in a κ3-NNC chelating mode, forming strained four-membered heterometallacycles. These κ3-NNC-scorpionate zirconium amides were investigated as catalysts in combination with tetra-n-butylammonium bromide as cocatalyst for CO2 fixation into five-membered cyclic carbonate products. The study has led to the development of an efficient zirconium-based bicomponent system for the selective cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with epoxides. Kinetics investigations confirmed apparent first-order dependence on the catalyst and cocatalyst concentrations. In addition, this system displays very broad substrate scope, including mono- and disubstituted substrates, as well as the challenging biorenewable terpene derived limonene oxide, under mild and solvent-free conditions.
ABSTRACT
A novel nucleophilic addition of an organolithium to a ketenimine to prepare an enantiopure NNN-heteroscorpionate ligand is described. We verified its potential utility as a valuable scaffold for chirality induction through the preparation of enantiopure zinc complexes, which behave as highly efficient initiators to produce highly-enriched isotactic poly(lactide)s (Pi up to 0.88).
ABSTRACT
A series of new chiral zwitterionic NNO-scorpionate mononuclear zinc alkyls [Zn(R)(κ3-NNO)]Br was developed in very high yields via suitable quaternization in the scorpionate ligand. These zwitterionic complexes performed as bifunctional catalysts and exhibited improved catalytic activity for the fixation of CO2 into cyclic carbonates compared to the neutral analog mononuclear [Zn(R)(κ3-NNO)] and binuclear [Zn(R)(κ2-NNµ-O)Zn(R)2] compounds. The catalyst system showed a broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance under mild and solvent-free conditions.
ABSTRACT
The preparation of new chiral bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane-based N,N,O-donor scorpionate ligands in the form of the alcohol compounds bpzampeH (1) {2,2-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-1-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]ethanol}, bpzaepeH (2) {2,2-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-1-[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]ethanol}, and bpzimeH (3) {2,2-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-1-[1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl]ethanol} has been carried out by the 1,2-addition reactions of a series of aldehydes. These new chiral heteroscorpionate ligands reacted with [ZnR2] (R = Me, Et, CH2SiMe3) in a 1 : 1 molar ratio in toluene to give the mononuclear monoalkyl zinc complexes [Zn(R)(κ3-NNO)] (4-12). When these reactions were carried out in a 1 : 2 molar ratio the binuclear trisalkyls [Zn(R)(κ2-NNµ-O)Zn(R)2] (13-18) were obtained. The structures of these complexes were elucidated by 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy and the X-ray crystal structures of 4 and 5 were also established. Interestingly, alkyl-containing zinc complexes 4-13, 15 and 17 act as efficient single-component initiators for the ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide at 20 °C to afford PLA materials with low molecular weights in a few hours. The dinuclear trisalkyls showed higher activity in comparison with the mononuclear zinc counterparts, suggesting a cooperative effect of the two remote metals. The narrow dispersity ranges (Mw/Mn = 1.05) of the isolated polymers in conjunction with the linear nature of the number average molecular weight versus conversion plot provided evidence for living behavior. Inspection of the kinetic parameters showed that the propagations have the usual pseudo-first-order dependence on rac-lactide and catalyst concentration. End-group analysis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry confirmed that the initiation occurs through nucleophilic attack of the alkyl on the lactide monomer. Microstructural analysis of poly(rac-lactide)s revealed that the most sterically hindered ligand on the alkoxide fragment exerts a moderate influence on the degree of stereoselectivity, with heteroenriched-PLAs (Ps = 0.68) produced at room temperature.
Subject(s)
Coordination Complexes/chemistry , Dioxanes/chemistry , Zinc/chemistry , Catalysis , Crystallography, X-Ray , Ligands , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Molecular Conformation , Polyesters/chemistry , Polymerization , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
Objetivo: conocer la autopercepción corporal/imagen corporal de un grupo de adolescentes desde una perspectiva enfermera. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado en el Instituto de Concepción Arenal (El Ferrol). Los instrumentos que se utilizaron fueron: un cuestionario de detección de diagnósticos enfermeros, un tallímetro y un analizador de la composición corporal por bioimpedancia de arco inferior: TANITA. Se estudiaron los diagnósticos enfermeros Aislamiento Social, Trastorno de la Autoestima y Trastorno de la imagen corporal. Se utilizó el SPSS 12.0. Resultados: la prevalencia de los diagnósticos fue la siguiente: aislamiento social: 21,3%, trastorno de la imagen corporal: 8,1% y trastorno de la autoestima: 9,3%. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la mayoría de las variables y el sexo. El resto de resultados se presentaron a través de las tres esferas bio-psicosociales. Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos confirman de forma general que las consecuencias del aspecto físico son mayores en mujeres que en hombres
Objective: to determine how a group of adolescents perceive their body image from a nursing perspective. Material and Method: transversal, descriptive, study conducted at the Concepción Arenal High School (El Ferrol). The instruments used were: a questionnaire for the detection of nursing diagnosis, a height measurer, and an analyser of the body composition by bioimpedance of the inferior arch: TANITA. The following nursing diagnoses were studied: Social isolation, Selfesteem and Body Image Dysmorphic Disorder. The SPSS 12.0 statistical program was used. Results: the prevalence of diagnoses was as follows: social isolation 21.3%, Body Image Dysmorphic Disorder 8.1% and self-esteem disorder 9.3%. Significant differences were found amongst most variables and the gender. The rest of results were presented through three bio-psycho-social spheres. Conclusiones: the results obtained confirm in a general sense that the consequences of physical appearance are higher in women than in men