Incidencia de exposiciones accidentales a sangre y fluidos biológicos en el personal sanitario de un hospital comarcal / Incidence of accidental exposure to blood and body fluids among healthcare professionals in a community hospital

Objetivo: Conocer la incidencia anual de exposiciones accidentales a sangre y fluidos biológicos en el personal sanitario de un hospital comarcal, y describir sus características, situaciones asociadas y seguimiento. Método: Estudio longitudinal retrospectivo de los accidentes biológicos notificados anualmente, de forma voluntaria, por los trabajadores expuestos en la Fundació Hospital de l'Esperit Sant (en Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona) entre los años 2005 y 2014. Se realiza un estudio descriptivo de las variables relacionadas con el trabajador expuesto, la exposición, su mecanismo de producción y el paciente fuente de la exposición. Se han calculado las incidencias de exposición por cada 100 camas y por categoría laboral. Resultados: Se han declarado 318 exposiciones, el 89,62% percutáneas y el resto contaminaciones de piel no intacta o mucosas. La incidencia media de exposiciones percutáneas de todo el periodo ha sido de 17,6 por cada 100 camas/año (límites 10,3 en 2013 y 24,5 en 2005). Los médicos son el colectivo profesional con mayor riesgo (5,29 exposiciones por cada 100 médicos). Más del 50% se han producido en el área de cirugía. El 44,2% refiere una actividad profesional media en el centro igual o inferior a 1 año. El pinchazo ha sido la lesión percutánea más frecuente. No se han declarado casos de transmisión viral ocupacional. Conclusiones: La incidencia ocupacional de exposiciones percutáneas declaradas en el hospital sufre oscilaciones significativas a lo largo del periodo analizado. El riesgo de exposición está relacionado con la categoría laboral, la experiencia profesional, el área de trabajo y la actividad realizada (AU)

Objective: To determine the annual incidence of healthcare professionals' accidental exposure to blood and body fluids in a community hospital and describe their characteristics, associated situations and follow-up. Method: A longitudinal, retrospective study of biological accidents voluntarily reported on a yearly basis by exposed healthcare professionals at Fundació Hospital de l'Esperit Sant (in Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain), between 2005 and 2014. A descriptive analysis of the variables related to the exposed professional, the exposure itself, its production mechanism and the source patient was conducted. The rate of exposure was calculated per 100 occupied beds and by job category. Results: 318 exposures were reported; 89.62% were percutaneous and the remainder were non-intact skin or mucous contamination. The mean percutaneous exposure incidence rate from 2005 to 2014 was 17.6 per 100 occupied beds/year (limits 10.3 in 2013 and 24.5 in 2005). Doctors were exposed to the greatest risk (5.29 exposures per 100 doctors). Over 50% occurred in a surgical setting. 44.2% of exposed healthcare professionals had been working at the centre for 1 year or less on average. Puncture was the most common percutaneous lesion. No cases of occupational viral transmission were reported. Conclusions: The rate of percutaneous exposure reported in this hospital fluctuated significantly throughout the analysis period. Risk of exposure is related to job category, work experience, the setting and the activity performed (AU)

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in heart failure and serum sodium levels.

AIMS: To determine whether there are differences in blood pressure profile on dynamic assessment by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) according to serum sodium levels in stable heart failure patients. METHODS: Data were collected from the Spanish National Registry on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Heart Failure (DICUMAP). Patients underwent ABPM by the oscillometric principle using a Spacelabs 90121 monitor. The sample was divided into three groups according to sodium levels and their clinical and laboratory data and echocardiographic findings were analyzed. Robust statistical methods were used to compare the groups in univariate and multivariate models. RESULTS: A total of 175 patients (44.57% male) were analyzed. We found a predominance of anomalous circadian blood pressure profiles in all three groups, with a significantly higher percentage of risers in the lowest serum sodium group (p=0.05). In addition, in this group there were significant differences in mean 24-hour systolic blood pressure (SBP) (24-h SBP, p=0.05) and in mean daytime SBP (dSBP, p=0.008), with significant differences in nocturnal fall in SBP (p=0.05) and in diastolic blood pressure (p=0.005). In multivariate analysis a significant relationship was found between sodium levels and 24-h SBP (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95-0.99, p=0.01) and dSBP (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.99, p=0.004). CONCLUSION: A relationship was found between lower sodium levels and lower systolic blood pressure, especially during waking hours, with a lower decline between daytime and night-time blood pressure.

[Incidence of accidental exposure to blood and body fluids among healthcare professionals in a community hospital]. / Incidencia de exposiciones accidentales a sangre y fluidos biológicos en el personal sanitario de un hospital comarcal.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the annual incidence of healthcare professionals' accidental exposure to blood and body fluids in a community hospital and describe their characteristics, associated situations and follow-up. METHOD: A longitudinal, retrospective study of biological accidents voluntarily reported on a yearly basis by exposed healthcare professionals at Fundació Hospital de l'Esperit Sant (in Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain), between 2005 and 2014. A descriptive analysis of the variables related to the exposed professional, the exposure itself, its production mechanism and the source patient was conducted. The rate of exposure was calculated per 100 occupied beds and by job category. RESULTS: 318 exposures were reported; 89.62% were percutaneous and the remainder were non-intact skin or mucous contamination. The mean percutaneous exposure incidence rate from 2005 to 2014 was 17.6 per 100 occupied beds/year (limits 10.3 in 2013 and 24.5 in 2005). Doctors were exposed to the greatest risk (5.29 exposures per 100 doctors). Over 50% occurred in a surgical setting. 44.2% of exposed healthcare professionals had been working at the centre for 1 year or less on average. Puncture was the most common percutaneous lesion. No cases of occupational viral transmission were reported. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of percutaneous exposure reported in this hospital fluctuated significantly throughout the analysis period. Risk of exposure is related to job category, work experience, the setting and the activity performed.

[Hypertensive crisis: urgency and hypertensive emergency]. / Crisis hipertensivas: urgencia y emergencia hipertensiva.

Hypertensive crises lumped several clinical situations with different seriousness and prognosis. The differences between hypertensive urgency and hypertensive emergency depends on if this situation involves a vital risk for the patient. This risk is defined more by the severity of the organ damage than for the higher values of blood pressure. The hypertensive urgency not involves an immediately risk for the patient, for these reason, the treatment can be completed after discharged. Otherwise, the hypertensive emergency is a critical clinical condition that requires hospital assistance. Faced with a patient, with severe hypertension, asymptomatic or with unspecific symptoms we must be careful. First, we need to confirm the values of blood pressure, with several measures of blood pressure and investigate and treat factors, which triggered this situation. The objective of medical treatment for hypertensive urgency is to reduce blood pressure values (at least 20% of baseline values) but to avoid sudden reduction of these values. In hypertensive urgencies rapid acting drug should not be used because of the risk of ischemic stroke and use drugs with longer half-life. The cardiovascular risk of these patients is higher than that do not suffer hypertensive crisis. The treatment must be personalized in each hypertensive emergency and intravenous it’s the best route to treat these patients.

Las crisis hipertensivas son un conjunto de situaciones clínicas de variada gravedad y pronóstico. Las diferencias entre urgencias y emergencias hipertensivas radican en la existencia o no de riesgo vital por afectación de órganos diana, más que por los niveles de presión arterial. Las urgencias hipertensivas no suelen comportar riesgo vital inmediato por lo que el tratamiento puede iniciarse, incluso completarse, en el medio extrahospitalario. Las emergencias hipertensivas son situaciones clínicas muy graves que requieren asistencia hospitalaria. Ante un paciente con hipertensión grave, asintomático o con síntomas inespecíficos debe adoptarse una actitud terapéutica prudente. La primera medida será comprobar las cifras de presión arterial con tomas repetidas de la misma y tratar los posibles factores desencadenantes. El objetivo del tratamiento de las urgencias hipertensivas es tanto obtener una reducción de las cifras de presión arterial (al menos un 20% de las cifras basales) como evitar reducciones bruscas y/o excesivas de la misma. En las urgencias hipertensivas no deberían utilizarse fármacos de acción rápida por el riesgo de accidentes isquémicos y utilizar fármacos con vida media más larga. El riesgo cardiovascular de estos pacientes es superior al de los hipertensos que no sufren una crisis hipertensiva. En las emergencias hipertensivas la elección del fármaco deberá individualizarse. La vía parenteral es la forma habitual de la administración de fármacos.

Cronoterapia en hipertensión arterial / Chronotherapy of arterial hypertension

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