NRF2 signaling pathway: A comprehensive prognostic and gene expression profile analysis in breast cancer.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumor in women and a major public health concern. NRF2 axis is a cellular protector signaling pathway protecting both normal and cancer cells from oxidative damage. NRF2 is a transcription factor that binds to the gene promoters containing antioxidant response element-like sequences. In this report, differential expression of NRF2 signaling pathway elements, as well as the correlation of NRF2 pathway mRNAs with various clinicopathologic characteristics, including molecular subtypes, tumor grade, tumor stage, and methylation status, has been investigated in breast cancer using METABRIC and TCGA datasets. In the current report, our findings revealed the deregulation of several NRF2 signaling elements in breast cancer patients. Moreover, there were negative correlations between the methylation of NRF2 genes and mRNA expression. The expression of NRF2 genes significantly varied between different breast cancer subtypes. In conclusion, substantial deregulation of NRF2 signaling components suggests an important role of these genes in breast cancer. Because of the clear associations between mRNA expression and methylation status, DNA methylation could be one of the mechanisms that regulate the NRF2 pathway in breast cancer. Differential expression of Hippo genes among various breast cancer molecular subtypes suggests that NRF2 signaling may function differently in different subtypes of breast cancer. Our data also highlights an interesting link between NRF2 components' transcription and tumor grade/stage in breast cancer.

The Role of Photobiomodulation on Dental-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Regenerative Dentistry: A Comprehensive Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Photobiomodulation therapy involves exposing tissues to light sources, including light-emitting diodes or low-level lasers, which results in cellular function modulation. The molecular mechanism of this treatment is revealed, demonstrating that depending on the light settings utilized, it has the potential to elicit both stimulatory and inhibitory reactions. OBJECTIVE: The current systematic review aimed to evaluate the impact of photobiomodulation therapy on dental stem cells and provide an evidence-based conclusion in this regard. METHODS: This systematic review was performed and reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) revised guidelines. PICO(S) components were employed to define the inclusion criteria. Web of Science, Scopus, Medline as well as grey literature, and google scholar were searched up to September 2021 to retrieve relevant papers. RESULTS: Photobiomodulation therapy showed promising effects on the proliferation, viability, and differentiation of dental stem cells. This finding was based on reviewing related articles with a low risk of bias. CONCLUSION: Despite the positive benefits of photobiomodulation therapy on dental stem cells, the current data do not provide a definitive conclusion on the best physical parameters for enhancing cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation.

MicroRNAs and osteosarcoma: Potential targets for inhibiting metastasis and increasing chemosensitivity.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the third most common cancer in young adults after lymphoma and brain cancer. Metastasis, like other cellular events, is dependent on signaling pathways; a series of changes in some proteins and signaling pathways pave the way for OS cells to invade and migrate. Ezrin, TGF-ß, Notch, RUNX2, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), Wnt/ß-catenin, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT are among the most important of these proteins and signaling pathways. Despite the improvements in treating OS, the overall survival of patients suffering from the metastatic disease has not experienced any significant change after surgical treatments and chemotherapy and 5-years overall survival in patients with metastatic OS is about 20%. Studies have shown that overexpression or inhibition of some microRNAs (miRNAs) has significant effects in limiting the invasion and migration of OS cells. The results of these studies highlight the potential of the clinical application of some miRNA mimics and miRNA inhibitors (antagomiRs) to inhibit OS metastasis in the future. In addition, some studies have shown that miRNAs are associated with the most important drug resistance mechanisms in OS, and some miRNAs are highly effective targets to increase chemosensitivity. The results of these studies suggest that miRNA mimics and antagomiRs may be helpful to increase the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of metastatic OS. In this article, we discussed the role of various signaling pathways and the involved miRNAs in the metastasis of OS, attempting to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on OS metastasis and chemosensitivity.

NORAD, a critical long non-coding RNA in human cancers.

The incidence of cancer is growing worldwide, and it is becoming the most common cause of death. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of RNA transcripts with a length larger than 200 nucleotides that cannot encode proteins or peptides. LncRNAs regulate different biological functions by controlling gene expressions at transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. Non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage (NORAD) is a highly conserved lncRNA necessary for genome stability. LncRNA NORAD is dysregulated in various types of cancers. This biomarker has been involved in numerous processes associated with carcinogeneses, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. In this paper, we reviewed the role of lncRNA NORAD and its biological functions in various human cancers to provide future research insights.

The regulatory functions of circular RNAs in osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is known as a malignant bone tumor affecting mainly children and younger adults. Despite all the improvements in the treatment of OS, the overall survival among patients remained mostly unsatisfied. It involves different mechanisms and signaling pathways. Some recent studies confirmed that circular RNAs (circRNAs) have a revelatory role in controlling OS cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. CircRNAs consist of a covalently closed-loop structure with neither 5' nor 3' poly adenylated tail, lacking protein-encoding ability formed by back-splicing mechanisms. They mainly act as microRNA (miRNA) sponges and modulate the downstream biological processes. Up/down regulation of some circRNAs demonstrated to serve as the oncogenic factor in some tumor tissues such as OS. In this article, we review the regulatory functions of circRNAs resulting in OS cell progression or restraint and the potential for being used in vitro or in vivo as diagnostic or therapeutic biomarkers.