Protection of gastric mucosal damage by Coriandrum sativum L. pretreatment in Wistar albino rats.

The effect of Coriander pretreatment on gastric mucosal injuries caused by NaCl, NaOH, ethanol, indomethacin and pylorus ligation accumulated gastric acid secretions was investigated in rats. Pretreatment at oral doses of 250 and 500mg/kg, body weight was found to provide a dose-dependent protection against the (i) ulcerogenic effects of different necrotizing agents; (ii) ethanol-induced histopathological lesions; (iii) pylorus ligated accumulation of gastric acid secretions and ethanol related decrease of Nonprotein Sulfhydryl groups (NP-SH). Results obtained on the study of gastric mucus and indomethacin-induced ulcers demonstrated that the gastro protective activity of Coriander might not be mediated by gastric mucus and/or endogenous stimulation of prostaglandins. The protective effect against ethanol-induced damage of the gastric tissue might be related to the free-radical scavenging property of different antioxidant constituents (linanool, flavonoids, coumarins, catechins, terpenes and polyphenolic compounds) present in Coriander. The inhibition of ulcers might be due to the formation of a protective layer of either one or more than one of these compounds by hydrophobic interactions.

Hepatoprotective properties of Commiphora opobalsamum ("Balessan"), a traditional medicinal plant of Saudi Arabia.

The hepatoprotective activity of an ethanolic extract of Commiphora opobalsamum ("Balessan") was investigated in rats by inducing hepatotoxicity with carbon tetrachloride:liquid paraffin (1:1). This extract has been shown to possess significant protective effect by lowering serum transaminase levels (serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase), alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. Pretreatment with an extract of Balessan prevented the prolongation of the barbiturate sleeping time associated with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in mice. On the other hand, CCl4-induced low-level nonprotein sulfhydryl concentration in the liver was replenished by the Balessan extract. These data suggest that the plant C. opobalsamum may act as an antioxidant agent and may have a hepatoprotective effect.

Gastroprotective effects of 'Amla' Emblica officinalis on in vivo test models in rats.

An ethanol extract of 'Amla' Emblica officinalis Gaertn. was examined for its antisecretory and antiulcer activities employing different experimental models in rats, including pylorus ligation Shay rats, indomethacin, hypothermic restraint stress-induced gastric ulcer and necrotizing agents (80% ethanol, 0.2 M NaOH and 25% NaCl). Oral administration of Amla extract at doses 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg significantly inhibited the development of gastric lesions in all test models used. It also caused significant decrease of the pyloric-ligation induced basal gastric secretion, titratable acidity and gastric mucosal injury. Besides, Amla extract offered protection against ethanol-induced depletion of stomach wall mucus and reduction in nonprotein sulfhydryl concentration. Histopathological analyses are in good agreement with pharmacological and biochemical findings. The results indicate that Amla extract possesses antisecretory, antiulcer, and cytoprotective properties.

The effect of rebamipide on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of rebamipide (free radical scavenger) against the nephrotoxic effect induced by cisplatin in normal rats. Twenty-four male Wister albino rats were divided equally into four groups: control, rebamipide, cisplatin and cisplatin plus rebamipide-treated groups. Nephrotoxicity was induced with single intravenous (i.v.) cisplatin dose of 6 mg kg(-1)and measured through the estimation of kidney weight, serum albumin (Alb), serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), kidney glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production. In the cisplatin-treated group the kidney weight as a percent of the total body weight, serum Alb, serum Cr, BUN, GSH content and MDA amount were: 0.61+/-0.054%, 2.84+/-0.24 g dl(-1), 2.99+/-0.10 mg dl(-1), 147.08+/-7.46 mg dl(-1), 3.11+/-0.238 micromol g(-1)and 1449. 09+/-127.36 nmol g(-1), respectively. All the previous changes were significantly (P<0.01) different from the corresponding values in the control group. In addition, histopathological examination of the kidney tissue revealed degenerative cellular material and apoptotic tubular cells were seen in the renal tubules. Rebamipide treatment (140 mg kg(-1), i.p.) for 1 week ameliorated all the previous changes and the results recorded for the cisplatin plus rebamipide-treated group were: 0.45+/-0.035%, 4.17+/-0.091 g dl(-1), 1.37+/-0.209 mg dl(-1), 72.25+/-5.14 mg dl(-1), 5.063+/-0.269 micromol g(-1)and 560.23+/-21.98 nmol g(-1)for the previous tests, respectively. Furthermore, significant improvement in the kidney histopathology was observed. The results of this study clearly revealed that rebamipide protected the kidney against the nephrotoxic effect of cisplatin. These results suggest that lipid peroxidation is not the only mechanism by which cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. More investigations are needed to confirm the effect of rebamipide and at the same time to elucidate the exact mechanism by which cisplatin induces nephrotoxicity.

Prevalence of glomerular diseases: king khalid university hospital, saudi arabia.

To obtain a more recent and comprehensive insight into the prevalence of glomerular diseases in our patient population, medical records of 200 patients with biopsy proven glomerulonephritis (GN), between January 1994 and June 1999, at the King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were analyzed. Primary glomerular disease was found to be the most prevalent, accounting for 63.5% of all glomerular diseases. Among primary glomerular diseases, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) was the most common histological lesion (34.6%) and was associated with a high prevalence of hypertension (86.4%), nephrotic syndrome (68.18%), hematuria (63.6%) and renal functional impairment (27.3%). Mesangioproliferative GN was the second most common lesion (25.1%) followed by mesangiocapillary GN (15.7%), IgA nephropathy (10.2%), and minimal change disease (8.5%). Amongst secondary glomerular diseases, lupus nephritis was the most prevalent (24.5%). In conclusion, primary glomerular diseases constituted the commonest group encountered and the prevalence of FSGS was quite high with male sex and young adults predominating. FSGS was also associated with a high prevalence of end-stage renal disease. Further collaborative studies are necessary to explore the predisposing factors and associations of glomerular disease, especially FSGS.

The spectrum of glomerulonephritis in saudi arabia: the results of the saudi registry.

Only few studies regarding glomerulonephritis, with relatively small numbers of patients, have so far been published from different centers in Saudi Arabia, and have reported conflicting results regarding the patterns, even in the same city. The possible reasons for these differences include the small number of patients in the different studies, differences in the indications for renal biopsies, referral bias, geographical differences, and, sometimes, the non-availability of the necessary diagnostic facilities in the reporting centers. In order to overcome these problems, a registry for glomerulonephropathy was attempted in Saudi Arabia. Six large referral hospitals from different regions of Saudi Arabia participated in this registry. Biopsy reports and clinical information of 1294 renal biopsies were obtained. There were 782 renal biopsies due to glomerulonephritis (GN) accounting for 77.2% of the total biopsies. Five hundred eighty seven (72.6%) were primary glomerulonephritidis. Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (21.3%) and membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) (20.7%) were the most common types found in the primary glomerulonephritidis. Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) was present in only 10.6% of the cases. IgA nephropathy was found in 6.5% of the cases. Of the secondary glomerulo-nephritides, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was the most common indication for biopsy (57.0%) and amyloidosis was found in only 3.2% of the biopsies. In conclusion, FSGS and MPGN were the most common forms of primary glomerulonephritis in adult patients in Saudi Arabia. MGN was not as common as in the western world. SLE was the commonest cause of secondary GN. Amyloidosis was not as common as in other Arab countries. There is a need for more centers from Saudi Arabia to join this national GN registry. Similar registries can be established in different Arab countries, which all would, hopefully, lead to a Pan-Arab GN registry.

Hepatic granulomas in an arab population: a retrospective study from a teaching hospital in Riyadh.

This is a retrospective analysis of the medical records of 116 patients who presented to the gastroenterology division, department of medicine at King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and subsequently had a histopathologic diagnosis of hepatic granulomas. Infections contributed to 56% and were represented mainly by schistosomiasis and to a lesser extent by tuberculosis, brucellosis and hydatid disease. Lymphomas (8%) were the major representative of noninfectious causes. The etiology of 25% of granulomas remained undetermined. Weight loss, fever, anorexia and abdominal pain were the most frequent presenting symptoms in 53, 45, 43 and 42% of patients, respectively. Ten percent of the patients were asymptomatic. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were the predominant physical findings in 55% and 43% of patients respectively. Hepatic granulomas in this study are mainly caused by infections. Schistosomiasis, tuberculosis and brucellosis represented the most common etiologic factors.

Treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 with alpha-interferon in Saudi Arabia: a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Several studies have indicated that there are certain predictive factors (gender, duration of infection with HCV, cirrhosis and genotype of HCV) of a better response with alpha-interferon treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The aim of this study was to evaluate these factors in Saudis and other Arab nationals with chronic hepatitis C-genotype 4-undergoing alpha-interferon treatment. METHODOLOGY: A multicenter study was conducted between 1992 and 1994 on 80 consecutive patients who were prospectively recruited and randomized in treatment and control groups. RESULTS: The results of this multicenter study indicated a low response rate to alpha-interferon with an overall response rate of 43%, of which 28% was complete. The sustained response was only 16%. Among the reasons for this low response in our study are the high percentage of patients with cirrhosis and the long infection interval, as about 80% of our HCV cases were community-acquired. CONCLUSION: Liver cirrhosis was found to be the main predetermining factor for response to interferon treatment. Genotype 4 was not a contributing factor to the difference in response rate.

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: disease pattern in central Arabia.

Despite a high prevalence of asthma in Saudi Arabia, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) has not been reported. We reviewed the medical records in a large university hospital in Saudi Arabia where thousands of asthmatics are being followed up. Over a 9-year period starting January 1986, the diagnosis of ABPA was made in 10 patients only. Delay in diagnosis was common and in some patients the disease was confused with fungal pneumonia, tuberculosis or tumours. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from one patient only and different Aspergillus species were cultured from respiratory secretions of the others. Corticosteroids were uniformly effective in all patients with active disease. Low humidity may account for this apparent rarity of ABPA, although it is possible that some cases are overlooked. Further work is needed on the prevalent fungi in the Arabian environment and their potential health effects and particularly on the prevalence of allergic bronchopulmonary fungal disease.

Helicobacter pylori infection in children in Saudi Arabia.

20 children with suspected Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection are presented. The mean age of the children was 9.4 years (range 4-13 years). The mean H. pylori IgG and IgA antibodies were 677 units and 760.7 units respectively. Antral biopsy cultures were positive in five children. Histopathology of the gastric antral and duodenal biopsies showed H. pylori gastritis in 11 children, duodenitis and gastritis in five, normal histology in three and one child had normal histology with H. pylori like organism on the surface of the antral mucosa. From this study, we conclude that serology is a good diagnostic test for H. pylori infection in Saudi Arabia.

Cancer in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia: A population-based study (1987-1988).

This study presents the findings of the first population-based tumor registry in the Eastern region (ER). Data on all cancer sites, in 1987 and 1988, were captured from all health facilities in the ER. A regional population census was obtained from regional health authorities. Cancer deaths were obtained from death registries. Age-specific rate, crude incidence rate (CIR), age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) and relative age-standardized incidence rate (%ASR) were compared with available population-based data from 137 tumor registries. 1559 primary cancer cases were captured. The CIR and ASR/100,000/year for cancer among Saudi males were respectively 59.8 and 125.7. The corresponding rates among Saudi females were 43.6 and 95.5. These rates rank very low on the international scale. Cancer sites with the highest %ASR among Saudi males were lung, lymphomas, leukemias, urinary bladder and tumors of uncertain primary. For Saudi females, these sites were breast, leukemias, tumors of brain and nervous system, thyroid and tumors of uncertain primary. Lung cancer was the leading cause of death from cancer among Saudi males. The first regional population-based cancer registry in Saudi Arabia was established in 1987. The overall cancer ASR in the ER is low. The leading cancer sites with the highest %ASR are lung in Saudi males and breast in Saudi females.

Thymoquinone ameliorates the nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rodents and potentiates its antitumor activity.

The effects of thymoquinone (TQ) on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice and rats were studied. Oral administration of TQ (50 mg/L in drinking water) for 5 days before and 5 days after single injections of cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.v., in rats and 7 or 14 mg/kg, i.p., in mice) greatly ameliorated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in both species. In rats, i.v. cisplatin caused 4- and 5-fold elevations in serum urea and creatinine, a 235% increase in urine volume, a 41% increase in kidney weight, 8.5-fold decrease in creatinine clearance, and extensive histological damage 5 days after treatment. In mice, similar alterations in kidney function were observed. TQ-induced amelioration of cisplatin nephrotoxicity was evident by significant reductions in serum urea and creatinine and significant improvement in polyuria, kidney weight, and creatinine clearance. The protective effects of TQ against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat were further confirmed by histopathological examination. To evaluate the possible modification of the antitumor activity of cisplatin by TQ, we studied their interaction in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing mice. The results revealed that TQ potentiated the antitumor activity of cisplatin. The current study suggests that TQ may improve the therapeutic index of cisplatin.

Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal infection and Henoch-Schonlein purpura with cardiac, renal and neurological complications.

A 6-year-old girl had a group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal (GABS) throat infection and Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP). The clinical course was complicated by nephrotic syndrome due to crescentic glomerulonephritis, transient neurological symptoms due to focal ischaemia of the brain, and congestive cardiac failure due to myocarditis. The clinical presentation highlights the diversity of systemic involvement in HSP, the transient nature of apparently serious central nervous system involvement, and a possible role of GABS in its aetiology.

Acrorenal syndrome associated with visual defect.

The clinical biochemical, radiological, and histological data of a 5-year-old boy with severe limb deformities and renal failure due to oligomeganephronia and renal hypoplasia are reported. This patient represents another example of acrorenal syndrome. This boy has a severe visual defect due to pigmentory retinopathy, which has not been reported previously.

Hepatitis C virus infection in two groups of paediatric patients: one maintained on haemodialysis and the other on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Seropositivity to hepatitis C virus (HCV) was evaluated in three groups of Saudi children. One group (n = 18) was maintained on haemodialysis and another group (n = 21) on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The third group were community-based normal controls. The prevalence of antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) in children on haemodialysis (11.2%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (n = 220) (1.4%; p = 0.056). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of anti-HCV between children on CAPD (4.8%) and the control group (1.4%; p = 0.244). Among ten children on haemodialysis who were anti-HCV-negative 4 years earlier, two seroconverted and the seroconversion was not due to transfused blood but was most likely due to environmental contamination. This is the first report on the prevalence of anti-HCV in children maintained on CAPD. The results of the study emphasize the need for separate dialysis machines for anti-HCV-positive patients. It seems that CAPD therapy might reduce transmission of HCV but a large number of CAPD patients will need to be studied to confirm superiority to haemodialysis in this respect.

Cervical lymphadenopathy in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia.

A total of 1,250 cervical lymph node biopsies were performed at King Fahad University Hospital, Al Khobar, kingdom of Saudi Arabia during a 12-year period (1982-1983). This restrospective study revealed that in 42% of the biopsies, there were histological features of either primary or metastatic malignant conditions, while 30% exhibited non-specific reactive changes. Granulomatous conditions accounted for 28% of the cases. The data is compared with similar published studies with a review and discussion of relevant literature.

Hepatitis E virus infection in patients from Saudi Arabia with sickle cell anaemia and beta-thalassemia major: possible transmission by blood transfusion.

The seroprevalence of antibodies against hepatitis E virus (HEV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) was investigated in Saudi children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) (50 patients: 28 boys, 22 girls; age range 2-14 years) and beta-thalassemia major (28 patients: 12 boys, 16 girls; age range 2-12 years). The SCA patients were from the Gizan area (South) while the thalassemics were from the Riyadh area (Central province). The prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibody (HEVAb) in patients with SCA (18.0%) and in those with beta-thalassemia major (10.7%) was higher than in the control groups (5.5% and 2.8%) but this did not reach the level of statistical significance. In contrast to the situation with HEV, hepatitis C virus antibody (HCVAb) positivity was significantly higher in patients with SCA (16.0%) and in thalassemics (57.1%) than in the respective control groups. Although the difference in HEV seropositivity between beta-thalassemia major, SCA patients and their respective controls is not statistically significant, the possibility of blood-borne HEV in the Saudi population cannot be excluded. Further investigations using HEV-specific polymerase chain reaction techniques are required to confirm whether transmission of HEV through blood preparations or transfusion is possible.

Fetal rhabdomyoma. A case report with the diagnosis suggested by intraoperative cytology.

BACKGROUND: Fetal rhabdomyoma is a relatively rare tumor that occurs mainly in the head and neck of toddlers. A similar lesion can occasionally be found in the adult female genital tract. Increased cellularity may be seen in the fetal type and can lead to confusion with the well-differentiated types of rhabdomyosarcoma. CASE: An 8-day-old infant presented with a unilateral, right-sided, postauricular mass. Intraoperative cytology of the mass showed numerous cells with spindled nuclei in a background of myxoid material. A provisional diagnosis of fetal rhabdomyoma was made and subsequently confirmed by histopathologic examination. CONCLUSION: In neonates presenting with cervical swelling, the possibility of fetal rhabdomyoma should always be considered and confirmed by both intraoperative cytology and histopathologic examination of the resected tumor.