Electrochemical control of a non-covalent binding between ferrocene and beta-cyclodextrin.

The forces required for the detachment of ferrocene (Fc) from ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD) in a single host (ßCD)-guest (Fc) complex were investigated using force spectroscopy under electrochemical conditions. The redox state of the guest Fc moiety as well as the structure of the supporting matrix was found to decisively affect the nanomechanical properties of the complex.

[Lethality after gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding].

The retrospective analysis (2006-2010 yy) of treatment of 895 patients with gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding was conducted. Lethal outcome was registered in 220 (24.6%) patients, of them directly of the ulcer bleeding died 45 (5%). The Rockall score was used as universal prognostic instrument. Of 164 lethal outcomes, did not directly connected to the ulcer bleeding, the etiological distribution was as follows: multiple organ failure - 36% (n=59), cardiovascular diseases - 24.4% (n=40), inveterate oncology - 15.9% (26). Of 45 deaths from bleeding, only 4 patients died of the uncontrolled bleeding, whereas 18 (45%) died after the emergency surgery. Signs of hemorrhagic shock were registered in 60% of died patients (in comparison with 18% among the survived). Bleeding reccurrence was registered in 28.6% of died patients (in comparison with 11% among the survived). The use of the Rockall score confirmed its prognostic value: the mean score was 4.3±2.12 points among the survived patients, whereas among the died patients it was 7.16±2.35 points (p=0.001). Authors conclude, that the leading reasons of death, considering the bleeding itself, were the hemorrhagic shock and recurrent bleeding. Though, about 80% of patients are dying of reasons, do not directly connected to the bleeding episode, but of concomitant diseases (multiple organ failure, cardiovascular and oncologic diseases). The least, nevertheless, leads to the wrong formulation of the final diagnosis and incorrect interpretation of the etiology of death.

[Hibernation and stunning as manifestations of ischemic dysfunction of the myocardium].

Hibernation and stunning are phenomena which constitute a basis of dysfunction of the myocardium appearing as a consequence of chronic ischemic heart disease and of myocardial revascularization. Myocardial stunning is an acute derangement of contractility of ischemic myocardium at the moment of restoration of coronary blood flow by various interventions (bypass grafting, angioplasty, thrombolysis). Myocardial hibernation implies presence of chronically developing foci of reduced contractility located in the area of myocardium supplied by obstructed artery. There is a following difference between these phenomena: stunning is a complex of structural and metabolic disorders during the state of "ischemia-reperfusion" while hibernation is a process of adaptation of the myocardium to chronic ischemia consisting in switch of metabolism to alternative type of energy production (anaerobic glycolysis). Exploration of pathophysiology and morphology of hibernating and stunned myocardium is necessary for elaboration of methods of protection against ischemic injury.

[Apoptosis and hibernation of cardiomyocytes of periscar zone as factor of chronic cardiac aneurysm progression]. / Apoptoz i gibernatsiia kardiomiotsitov perirubtsovoi zony kak faktor progressirovaniia khronicheskoi anevrizmy serdtsa.

Tissue specimen from chronic aneurysms and adjacent myocardium obtained at aneurysmectomy and coronary bypass surgery from 46 patients were subjected to morphological study. Immunohistochemical methods and electronic microscopy were applied for detection of apoptosis and hibernation of cardiomyocytes in 11 cases and histochemical determination of activity of energetic enzymes succinate and lactate dehydrogenase was used in 5 cases. Cardiomyocytes from peri and intra scar layers of myocardium were found to be in a state of hibernation while some of them were in a state of apoptosis. Extent of apoptosis was different in aneurysms on different stages of organization. Number of altered cardiomyocytes was the greatest in immature aneurysms. Basing on these findings apoptosis of hibernating cardiomyocytes was suggested to be one of factors of expansion of sclerotic zone and aneurysm formation.

[Comparative morpho-functional assessment of the impact produced by prolonged infusions of prostaglandins E and F on the course of genetically preconditioned arterial hypertension]. / Sravnitel'naia morfofunktsional'naia otsenka vliianiia prolongirovannykh infuzii prostaglandinov E i F na techenie geneticheski obuslovlennoi arterial'noi gipertonii.

The administration of prolonged intravenous infusions of prostaglandins is defined; the method provided for specifying a long-term impact produced by prostaglandins on a nature of the course of genetically preconditioned arterial hypertension (AHT) in rats. Infusions of PGE-2 bring about a prolonged and stable reduction of mean arterial presser (AP) by 10% versus its original value; they intensify 2-fold the depressor baroreflectory regulation and stimulate the urinary excretion of endogenous renal PGF-2 alpha; besides, they contribute to a better blood supply to organs, i.e. an increased perfusion of the cortical and medullary layers of the kidneys and of the brain substances; and dilatation of the intramural branches of the coronary arteries, due to which the AP becomes milder. Infusions of PGF-2 alpha contribute to a prolonged and stable elevation of mean AP by 12% versus the original value; they inhibit the depressor baroreflectory regulation and intensify the pressor baroreflectory regulation; they, additionally, induce the urinary excretion of endogenous renal PGF-2 alpha and correct the lesions in the blood supply to organs, i.e. pathological microcirculation, anemia and spasm of the renal parenchyma, ischemic foci in the myocardium, spastic contraction of small cerebral arteries, edema and destructive changes (of the local necrosis variation) in the cerebral substance microvessels concomitant with a commencing diapedetic hemorrhages. Finally, all above listed lesions are signs of the malignant AP course.

[The accumulation of proteins with chitinase activity in the culture media of the parent and mutant Serratia marcescens strain grown in the presence of mitomycin C]. / Dinamika nakopleniia belkov s khitinaznoi aktivnost'iu v kul'tural'noi zhidkosti mutantnogo shtamma i iskhodnogo shtamma Serratia marcescens v prisutstvii mitomitsina C.

The study of the accumulation pattern of extracellular proteins with chitinase activity in the parent Serratia marcescens strain Bú 211 (ATCC 9986) grown in the presence of mitomycin C and its mutant strain with the constitutive synthesis of chitinases grown in the absence of the inducer showed that chitinase activity appeared in the culture liquids of both strains at the end of the exponential phase (4 h of growth) and reached a maximum in the stationary phase (18-20 h of growth). The analysis of the culture liquids (12 h of growth) by denaturing electrophoresis in PAAG followed by the protein renaturation step revealed the presence of four extracellular proteins with chitinase activity and molecular masses of 21, 38, 52, and 58 kDa.

[Hibernation and stunning as manifestations of ischemic dysfunction of the myocardium]. / Gibernatsiia i stanning kak proiavlenie ishemicheskoi disfunktsii miokarda.

Current information on hybernation and stunning which are the basis of myocardial dysfunction resulting from chronic ischemic heart disease and revascularization is provided. Myocardial stunning is an acute disturbance of a contractile function of ischemic myocardium at the moment of coronary circulation restoration done by various methods (coronary shunting, angioplasty, thrombolysis). Myocardial hybernation is a chronically developing foci of subnormal contractility in the region of stenotic artery. The difference between them is that stunning is a complex of structural and metabolic damages under the condition "ischemia-reperfusion" while hybernation is an adaptation of the myocardium to chronic ischemia by metabolism switching to anaerobic glycolysis. The study of pathophysiology and morphology of hybernating and stunned myocardium is necessary for developing methods of myocardium protection from ischemic damage.

[Phosphatase from Proteus mirabilis]. / Fosfataza Proteus mirabilis.

Cell-free preparations of Proteus mirabilis contained a phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), whose activity surpassed that of alkaline phosphatase from Escherichia coli. Phosphatase was also found in the culture liquid of P. mirabilis. The composition of proteins displaying enzyme activity was assayed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Enzyme synthesis was studied at various stages of bacterial growth. Biosynthesis of phosphatase in P. mirabilis (similarly to that in other bacteria) was shown to be induced under conditions of inorganic phosphate deficiency in the medium.

[Endonuclease from Proteus mirabilis]. / Endonukleaza Proteus mirabilis.

Two isoforms of nuclease displaying DNase and RNase activities were found in the culture liquid and periplasm of Proteus mirabilis. The enzyme was isolated from the periplasm and then purified to a functionally homogeneous state. The nuclease was equally potent in cleaving denatured and native DNAs by the endonuclease mechanism and was designated Pm endonuclease. The endonuclease was shown to be a temperature-dependent enzyme with a pH optimum of 10.4-10.6, requiring the presence of bivalent metal ions and inhibited by citrate and ethylenediaminetetraacetate.

[Biosynthesis of Proteus mirabilis nuclease]. / Biosintez nukleazy Proteus mirabilis.

The culture liquid and periplasm of Proteus mirabilis contained nuclease, an enzyme with DNase and RNase activities. The nuclease was most actively synthesized in the early exponential and stationary growth phases. Nuclease synthesis was regulated by nucleic acids (induction by substrate) and inorganic phosphate (end-product inhibition). The synthesis and secretion of nuclease by P. mirabilis was induced by mitomycin C, an inducer of the SOS functions of cells. This suggests the involvement of SOS-response proteins in the regulation of nuclease synthesis.

Evidence for an antihypertensive factor from the adrenal medulla of SHR modulating neurogenic vasoconstriction.

The aim of this study is to investigate some vasoactive properties of the blood of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Isolated segments of rat tail arteries obtained from normotensive rats (Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Wistar) were perfused with blood from conscious donor rats (WKY, Wistar or SHR). Alterations of the neurogenic constrictor responses (NCR) of the isolated segments evoked by electrical stimulation were studied. The amplitude of NCR of the isolated arteries was studied during perfusion with blood according to the perfusion scheme WKY1(1)-SHR1(2)-WKY1(3) and WKY1(1)-WKY2(2)-WKY1(3). The release of 3H-noradrenaline ([3H]-NA) from vascular sympathetic fibres was measured. The influence of adrenal demedullation on NCR was estimated. We have shown that NCR of isolated arteries decreased by 28.3 +/- 7.9% (P < 0.05 vs. WKY1(1)) during perfusion with blood from SHR (scheme WKY1(1)-SHR1(2)-WKY1(3)). In these experiments, release of [3H]-NA from sympathetic fibres of the artery segments decreased by 39.9 +/- 9.6% during the perfusion with blood from SHR vs. WKY1(1) (P < 0.05). Adrenal demedullation prevented the decrease of NCR during perfusion of the arteries with blood from SHR. In conclusion, the blood of SHR has some antihypertensive factor(s), which causes decrease of NCR in the tail artery from normotensive rats. This decline is accompanied by the decrease of release in [3H]-NA from the transmural sympathetic fibres and is abolished after adrenal demedullation of blood donor rats.

[Hyperplastic changes and aldosterone content in the adrenal cortex in essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism]. / [Giperplasticheskie izmeneniia i soderzhanie al'dosterona v kore nadpochechnikov pri éssentsial'noi gipertonii i pervichnom al'dosteronizme.

Autopsy and operative material (adrenalectomy for hyperaldosteronism) was studied to elucidate morphology, incidence of nodules, aldosterone content in the adrenal of patients with essential hypertension (EH). It was established than nodular masses in the adrenals in the form of micro and macronodules are present in 80% of EH patients. Aldosterone content in the adrenals in both nodules and in the adjacent cortex is significantly higher than in the adrenals of patients without EH. This fact as well as increased cell nuclei size in the fascicular and glomerular zones indicate high secretory activity of the adrenals in EH. Clinicomorphological comparisons in patients after adrenalectomy because of hyperaldosteronism syndrome allow to conclude that grave forms of EH may be followed by aldosteronism syndromes with nodular hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex being the basis of the syndrome. Indications to adrenalectomy require clear criteria of differential diagnosis with primary aldosteronism.

Biosynthesis of endochitinase of Serratia marcescens.

The growth of a mutant strain of Serratia marcescens with high chitinase activity and the biosynthesis of endochitinase by this strain were investigated. The study was carried out using semisynthetic culture medium without inducers and culture medium containing colloidal chitin as a sole nitrogen and carbon source, with and without mitomycin C. The mutant strain, unlike the native one, was shown to produce endochitinase and to secrete the enzyme into the medium during the growth on culture medium without the inducers, chitin and mitomycin C. During growth on the medium with chitin the mutant strain differed from the native one with a short lag-phase of growth, the early appearance of endochitinase in the culture liquid and a high level of endochitinase activity. The difference between the strains disappeared after the addition of mitomycin C, an inducer of the cell SOS-response, to the culture medium containing chitin. Specific endochitinase activity of S. marcescens mutant strain grown on various culture media had two maxima, namely at the beginning and at the end of the stationary phase. Mitomycin C increased the specific activity in a second peak of endochitinase activity during the growth of the mutant strain.

[Mediacalcinosis of the aorta (pathomorphology and pathogenesis of arterial calcification and its relationship to atherosclerosis)]. / Mediakal'tsinoz aorty (k voprosu patomorfologii i patogeneza kal'tsifikatsii arterii i vzaimootnosheniia s aterosklerozom).

It is established on the material of 116 legal-medical autopsies of 11-50-year-old subjects deceased of occasional causes that calcinosis of the aorta media appears in subjects under 20 years and progresses with age. As distinct from the aorta, the first calcium deposits in the coronary arteries appear in the intima, in the foci of muscular-elastic hyperplasia. Calcium deposits in the coronary and other arteries appear a decade later than in the aorta. The beginning of the mediacalcinosis coincides in time with focal intima lipoidosis but the correlation between the intima thickening and the intensity of mediacalcinosis is not observed. Calcinosis of the atherosclerotic plaques appears in preexisting mediacalcinosis. Calcium deposits are closely linked with the elastica, and the media calcinosis occurs in the elastica destruction and is not followed by proliferation of the smooth cells. Cell membrane fragments and vesicular structures are found ultrastructurally in the calcinosis foci, this suggesting that the mediacalcinosis is connected with the elastica destruction and the smooth cell death.

[The effect of captopril on the arterial pressure, structural resistance and vascular reactivity of the kidney in rats with nephrogenic hypertension]. / Vliianie kaptoprila na arterial'noe davlenie, strukturnoe soprotivlenie i reaktivnost' sosudov pochi u krys s nefrogennoi gipertenziei.

The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibiting agent captopryl suppressed a moderate hypertension in rats with pyelonephritis and with ureteral obstruction, but not in rats with ureteral obstruction combined with the renal artery constriction. The suppression of the hypertension was accompanied by a reversion of structural alterations in the blood vessels.

[Effect of nalidixic acid and mitomycin C on growth and biosynthesis of extracellular proteins by Serratia marcescens]. / Vliianie nalidiksovoi kisloty i mitomitsina C na rost i biosintez vnekletochnykh belkov Serratia marcescens.

The effect of various concentrations of nalidixic acid and mitomycin C on the dynamics of growth of Serratia marcescens and synthesis of endonuclease and other extracellular enzymes by it was studied. The synthesis of extracellular endonuclease was induced during inhibition of the cell division under the effect of nalidixic acid and mitomycin C. The induction of the endonuclease synthesis preceded the start of the division of the resistant cells which overcame the phase of the population retarded growth. The fermentation broth of the cells exposed to nalidixic acid and mitomycin C contained increased amounts of protein and possessed higher activities of chitin phosphodiesterase and phosphatase. It was shown by PAAG-electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulphate that the pattern of the extracellular proteins of S. marcescens undergone quantitative and qualitative changes under the effect of nalidixic acid and mitomycin C.

[Induction of synthesis of extracellular DNAase from Proteus mirabilis under the effect of compounds, blocking DNA replication]. / Induktsiia sinteza vnekletochnoi DNKazy Proteus mirabilis pod vliianiem soedinenii, blokiruiushchikh replikatsiiu DNK.

The effects of mitomycin C and nalidixic acid on the biosynthesis of extracellular endodeoxyribonuclease in Proteus mirabilis have been studied. The presence of both antibiotics in the periodic and short-time cultures of washed off cells has increased both the activity of the DNAse and protein yield in cultural liquid and bacterial cells. PAGE-electrophoresis has shown the effect of mitomycin C to increase or induce the synthesis a large number of Proteus mirabilis extracellular proteins.

[Functional state of the adrenals in various forms of arterial hypertension]. / Otsenka funktsional'nogo sostoianiia nadpochechnikov pri nekotorykh formakh arterial'noi gipertenzii.

The study of structural changes and changes of the aldosterone content (AC) in the surgically removed adrenals of patients with different clinical variants of combination of the arterial hypertension (AH), low--renin hyperaldosteronism and space--occupying lesions in the adrenals found by CT was carried out. In 15 of 20 patients after adrenalectomy the diagnosis of the primary aldosteronism (PA) was established, in 4 cases diagnosis of the hypertension, 2B degree, and in one case the diagnosis of Cushing disease. The functional state was evaluated according to AC in the adenomas and macronodes and in the adjacent cortex as well as by nuclei size of cells producing aldosterone. The aldosterone hyperproduction was shown to be associated with local adenoma in some cases and with hyperactive cortex in the others this being reflected in the course of AH and in the adrenalectomy hypotensive effect.