ABSTRACT
Fundamento y objetivo: El objetivo fue evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de tamsulosina, comparada con otro tratamiento estándar o con placebo, en la expulsión de las litiasis ureterales distales. Material y métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas en PubMed, SCOPUS y The Cochrane Library para identificar los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y controlados en pacientes tratados con tamsulosina con resultados de expulsión de litiasis ureteral y de episodios adversos, publicados hasta diciembre de 2014, sin limitaciones de idioma. Se calculó el efecto de los tratamientos junto con el intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC 95%) utilizando el método de la inversa de la variancia para efectos aleatorios. La heterogeneidad se determinó mediante el estadístico I2. El sesgo de publicación se evaluó mediante la prueba de Egger. Resultados: La búsqueda identificó 480 artículos. Treinta y ocho cumplían los criterios de selección, con un total de 3.107 participantes. El riesgo relativo (RR) de expulsión de litiasis de los pacientes tratados con tamsulosina comparado con el tratamiento control fue de 1,53 (IC 95% 1,38-1,69; I2 = 71%). El RR de cualquier episodio adverso de tamsulosina fue de 1,79 (IC 95% 1,19-2,71; I2 = 0%). Conclusiones: El tratamiento con tamsulosina parece favorecer la expulsión de litiasis renales, aunque con un riesgo no desdeñable de efectos secundarios (AU)
Background and objective: The aim is to evaluate tamsulosin efficacy and safety on the expulsion of distal ureteral stones compared to a standard therapy. Material and methods: Systematic searches were conducted on PubMed, SCOPUS and The Cochrane Library so as to identify randomized and controlled clinical trials in patients treated with tamsulosin with ureteral stone expulsion and adverse events published until 2014 December, without language restriction. Treatment effect was calculated along with the 95% confidence interval (95% CI), using the variance inverse method for random effects. Heterogeneity was determined by I2. Publication bias was assessed by Egger test. Results: The search identified 480 articles. Thirty-eight met the selection criteria, a total of 3,107 patients. The relative risk (RR) of expulsion was 1.53 (95% CI 1.38-1.69; I2 = 71%.), while the RR of adverse effects was 1.79 (95% CI 1.19-2,71; I2 = 0). Conclusions: Tamsulosin treatment seems to bring on the expulsion of distal ureteral stones, although at the expense of an appreciable risk of side effects (AU)
Subject(s)
Renal Colic/epidemiology , Renal Colic/drug therapy , Nephrolithiasis/pathology , Nephrolithiasis/drug therapy , Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use , Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists/adverse effects , Calcium Channel Blockers/therapeutic use , Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/therapeutic use , Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/adverse effects , Treatment Outcome , Lithotripsy , Hypotension , Prostatic Hyperplasia/drug therapy , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Meta-Analysis as TopicABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim is to evaluate tamsulosin efficacy and safety on the expulsion of distal ureteral stones compared to a standard therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Systematic searches were conducted on PubMed, SCOPUS and The Cochrane Library so as to identify randomized and controlled clinical trials in patients treated with tamsulosin with ureteral stone expulsion and adverse events published until 2014 December, without language restriction. Treatment effect was calculated along with the 95% confidence interval (95% CI), using the variance inverse method for random effects. Heterogeneity was determined by I(2). Publication bias was assessed by Egger test. RESULTS: The search identified 480 articles. Thirty-eight met the selection criteria, a total of 3,107 patients. The relative risk (RR) of expulsion was 1.53 (95% CI 1.38-1.69; I(2)=71%.), while the RR of adverse effects was 1.79 (95% CI 1.19-2,71; I(2)=0). CONCLUSIONS: Tamsulosin treatment seems to bring on the expulsion of distal ureteral stones, although at the expense of an appreciable risk of side effects.
Subject(s)
Renal Colic/drug therapy , Sulfonamides/therapeutic use , Ureteral Calculi/drug therapy , Urological Agents/therapeutic use , Humans , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Renal Colic/etiology , Tamsulosin , Treatment Outcome , Ureteral Calculi/complicationsABSTRACT
Microsatellites are highly polymorphic markers that are distributed through all the genome being more abundant in non-coding regions. Whether they are neutral or under selection, these markers if localized can be used as co-dominant molecular markers to explore the dynamics of the evolutionary processes. Their cytological localization can allow identifying genes under selection, inferring recombination from a genomic point of view, or screening for the genomic reorganizations occurring during the evolution of a lineage, among others. In this paper, we report for the first time the localization of microsatellite loci by fluorescent in situ hybridization on Drosophila polytene chromosomes. In Drosophila subobscura, 72 dinucleotide microsatellite loci were localized by fluorescent in situ hybridization yielding unique hybridization signals. In the sex chromosome, microsatellite distribution was not uniform and its density was higher than in autosomes. We identified homologous segments to the sequence flanking the microsatellite loci by browsing the genome sequence of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila melanogaster. Their localization supports the conservation of Muller's chromosomal elements among Drosophila species and the existence of multiple intrachromosomal rearrangements within each evolutionary lineage. Finally, the lack of microsatellite repeats in the homologous D. melanogaster sequences suggests convergent evolution for high microsatellite density in the distal part of the X chromosome.
Subject(s)
Drosophila/genetics , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods , Microsatellite Repeats , Animals , Chromosome Mapping , Drosophila melanogaster/geneticsABSTRACT
Biologists have long debated the speed, uniformity, and predictability of evolutionary change. However, evaluating such patterns on a geographic scale requires time-series data on replicate sets of natural populations. Drosophila subobscura has proven an ideal model system for such studies. This fly is broadly distributed in the Old World, but was introduced into both North and South America just over two decades ago and then spread rapidly. Rapid, uniform, and predictable evolution would be demonstrated if the invading flies evolved latitudinal clines that progressively converged on those of the native populations. Evolutionary geneticists quickly capitalized on this opportunity to monitor evolutionary dynamics. Just a few years after the introduction, they surveyed chromosomal inversion frequencies in both North and South America. On both continents they detected incipient latitudinal clines in chromosome inversion frequencies that almost always had the same sign with latitude as in the Old World. Thus the initial evolution of chromosomal polymorphisms on a continental scale was remarkably rapid and consistent. Here we report newer samples of inversion frequencies for the colonizing populations: the time series now spans almost one decade for North America and almost two decades for South America. Almost all inversions in the New World continue to show the same sign of frequency with latitude as in the Old World. Nevertheless, inversion clines have not consistently increased in steepness over time; nor have they consistently continued to converge on the Old World baseline. However, five arrangements in South America show directional, continentwide shifts in frequency. Overall, the initial consistency of clinal evolutionary trajectories seen in the first surveys seems not to have been maintained.
Subject(s)
Biological Evolution , Chromosome Inversion , Drosophila/genetics , Geography , Movement/physiology , Polymorphism, Genetic , Animals , Drosophila/physiology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The chromosomal polymorphism of seven Mediterranean populations of Drosophila subobscura has been compared with that of the same populations collected 26 to 35 years ago. Significant latitudinal clines for the frequencies of A(ST), E(ST), O(ST). and U(ST) chromosomal arrangements have been detected in the old and new samples. Standard gene arrangements are frequent in the north and decrease in frequency towards the south. Significant negative regression coefficients between latitude and transformed frequency have also been observed for the more frequent nonstandard gene arrangements. The pattern of the clines is practically the same in the old and new collections. Furthermore, the frequencies of gene arrangements of all chromosomes have changed significantly during this period in a systematic way: an increase in the frequency of those arrangements typical of southern latitudes and a decrease for those more common in northern latitudes is observed in all populations. These changes could be due to climatic factors that are correlated with latitude, making the chromosomal composition of this species more "southern.''
