ABSTRACT
Anaerobic digestion (AD) has recently been studied to obtain products of greater interest than biogas, such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and phytoregulators. The effect of the initial pH of cow manure and the fermentation time of the AD on the microbial composition, VFAs, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) production was evaluated. The cow manure (7% solids) was adjusted to initial pH values of 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5, and the AD products were analyzed every four days until day 20. The initial pH and the fermentation time had an important effect on the production of metabolites. During AD, only the hydrolytic and acidogenic stages were identified, and the bacteria found were from the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Spirochaetes. The most abundant genera produced in the four AD were Caproiciproducens, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Romboutsia, Paeniclostridium, Turicibacter, Peptostreptococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Fonticella. The highest amount of VFAs was obtained at pH 8.5, and the production of the acids was butyric > acetic > propionic. The maximum production of GA3 and IAA was at an initial pH of 6.5 on day 20 and a pH of 5.5 on day 4, respectively. There was a strong correlation (> 0.8) between the most abundant microorganisms and the production of VFAs and GA3. The anaerobic digestion of cow manure is a good alternative for the production of VFAs, GA3 and IAA.
ABSTRACT
The separation of the diastereoisomers of the nucleoside derivatives of uridine, inosine and adenosine was performed by HPLC using chiral and no chiral columns, it was observed with the no chiral columns the resolution was good enough to determine diastereoisomeric excess. These methods were compared with 1H NMR, and no significant differences were observed between the three techniques. Diastereoisomeric uridine (3a), inosine (3b) and adenosine (4c) cyanohydrins were resolved by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), chiral normal phase-high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (NP-HPLC-DAD) and reversed phase (RP-HPLC-DAD); these methods allowed the assesment of the percent diastereoisomeric excess (% de) of the nucleosidic cyanohydrins of 3a (4, 6 and 4), 3b (10, 8 and 6) and 4c (4, 4 and 4). To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports using analytical techniques for the separation of the epimers of 3a, 3b and 4c.
Subject(s)
Adenosine/chemistry , Inosine/chemistry , Nitriles/chemistry , Uridine/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Chromatography, Reverse-Phase , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
Preclinical Research Drug combinations are routinely used in the treatment of pain. In drug associations, adjuvants such as caffeine, are employed with different non-steroidal anti-inflammatories drugs (NSAIDs), however, at present does not exist studies showing the effect of the combination of racemic flurbiprofen (rac-Flur) in association with caffeine. The objective of this work was to evaluate the combination of rac-Flur + caffeine oral in arthritic gout-type pain in rats. The antinociceptive effects of the rac-Flur alone and in combination with caffeine were analyzed on a pain-induced functional impairment model in rat. rac-Flur induced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect and caffeine did not present any effect. The combination of rac-Flur and caffeine achieve a higher percentage of antinociceptive effect compared with the individual administration of rac-Flur. The dose-response curve (DRCs) shows that the combination of rac-Flur (31.6 mg/kg) + caffeine (17.8 mg/kg) exhibited the maximal antinociceptive efficacy (294.0 ± 21.2 area units), while rac-Flur alone (31.6 mg/kg) showed 207.2 ± 35.2 au, thus indicating an increase in efficacy (potentiation). Furthermore, the DRCs of the combinations presented a displacement to the left, indicating a change in the potency. Caffeine is able to increase the effect of rac-Flur in the arthritic gout-type pain in rats. Drug Dev Res 77 : 192-198, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
