Patient-reported outcome measures for assessing atopic dermatitis in clinical practice. / Medidas de resultados comunicados por el paciente para evaluar la dermatitis atópica.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic skin condition that affects up to 20% of children and 10% of adults worldwide. Due to the high burden of dermatological signs and symptoms, atopic dermatitis has a significant impact on the quality of life of patients and their families. In the absence of objective measures to accurately assess severity and symptom burden, patient-reported outcome measures are essential to monitor the impact and progression of the disease, as well as the efficacy of treatments. Although there are currently no standardised guidelines for their use in clinical practice, there are some initiatives, such as the Harmonise Outcome Measures for Eczema and Vivir con Dermatitis Atópica, that can provide guidance. As healthcare systems move towards value-based healthcare models, patient-reported measures are becoming increasingly important for incorporating the patient perspective and improving the quality of healthcare services. The use of these measures can help monitor disease activity and guide treatment decisions. This article discusses the impact of atopic dermatitis and describes the patient-reported outcome measures commonly used in atopic dermatitis and the recommendations of the initiatives that have selected a core set of measures to best assess atopic dermatitis in clinical practice. Considering the recommendations of these initiatives and based on our experience in clinical practice, we propose the use of the Dermatology Life Quality Index to assess the impact of the disease on quality of life, the Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure to assess symptom severity, and the Numerical Rating Scale or the Visual Analogue Scale to measure itch intensity. To systematize the administration of these measures and to integrate them into hospital information systems and medical records, we emphasise the importance of telemedicine platforms that allow the electronic administration of these instruments.

Airway surface liquid pH in paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis / PH del líquido de la vía aérea en pacientes pediátricos con fibrosis quística

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients have more acidic airway surface liquid (ASL), which can denature antimicrobial defensins. Induced sputum is non-invasive and is as representative as bronchoalveolar lavage. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to analyse the ASL pH obtained by induced sputum and assess the relationship between clinical features in paediatric CF patients. Methods: This is a prospective observational study in CF paediatric patients. Sputum was induced in a patient by inhaling 4.5% hypertonic saline, the sputum was collected into a sterile container for pathological analysis, and the pH was measured from the liquid part (ASL) in a gas machine. Results: A total of 27 patients were included in the study: mean age (11.96 ± 3.9) years, mean sweat test (99.38 ± 17.76) ng/L, common mutation Del508F (N24, 88.8%), mean FEV1% 91.94% ± –12.6%, Staphylococcus colonization 14 (51.9%), normal chest CT 8 (29.6%), air trapping 12 (44.4%), bronchiectasis 6 (22.2%), and mean ASL pH 6.72 ± 0.06 (n = 15). A significant correlation was found between a higher sweat test and lower ASL pH (R = 0.683, p = 0.005). There were no differences between altered chest CT (p = 0.199) and positive Staphylococcus aureus (p = 0.17). Conclusion: This is the first publication that use induced sputum to obtain the ASL pH in CF patients. The ASL pH in CF patients is usually acidic and correlated with altered transmembrane function conductance. (AU)

Antecedentes: Los pacientes con fibrosis quística (FQ) tienen el líquido de la vía aérea (ASL) ácido, provocando desnaturalización de defensinas antimicrobianas. El esputo inducido es reproducible, no invasivo y la muestra es equiparable al lavado broncoalveolar. Objetivo: Evaluar el pH ASL obtenido por esputo inducido y analizar sus implicaciones clínicas, en niños FQ. Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo desarrollado en niños FQ. El esputo se indujo mediante inhalación de solución salina hipertónica 4,5%. Se recolectó el esputo y posterior al análisis patológico el ASL se colocó en una jeringa y se midió pH con una máquina de gases. Resultados: Se incluyeron 27 pacientes: edad (11,96 ± 3,9) años, test del sudor (99,38 ± 17,76) ng/L, variante común Del508F (N24, 88,8%), FEV1% 91,94% ± 12,6%, Staphylococcus 14 (51,9%), TAC pulmonar normal 8 (29,6%), atrapamiento 12 (44,4%), bronquiectasias 6 (22,2%), pH ASL 6,72 ± 0,06 (n = 15). Se observó correlación significativa entre niveles elevados del test del sudor y pH ASL ácido (R = 0,683, p = 0,005). No hubo correlación entre pH ASL y TAC pulmonar alterado (p = 0,199) o S. aureus positivo (p = 0,17). Conclusiones: Esta es la primera publicación que utiliza esputo inducido para medir pH del ASL en FQ. El pH ASL se correlacionó con la alteración del gen de conductancia transmembranal. (AU)

The succession of epiphytic microalgae conditions fungal community composition: how chytrids respond to blooms of dinoflagellates.

This study aims to investigate the temporal dynamics of the epiphytic protist community on macroalgae, during the summer months, with a specific focus on fungi, and the interactions between zoosporic chytrid parasites and the proliferation of the dinoflagellates. We employed a combination of environmental sequencing techniques, incubation of natural samples, isolation of target organisms and laboratory experiments. Metabarcoding sequencing revealed changes in the dominant members of the epiphytic fungal community. Initially, fungi comprised < 1% of the protist community, mostly accounted for by Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, but with the emergence of Chytridiomycota during the mature phase of the biofilm, the fungal contribution increased to almost 30%. Chytridiomycota became dominant in parallel with an increase in the relative abundance of dinoflagellates in the community. Microscopy observations showed a general presence of chytrids following the peak proliferation of the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis sp., with the parasite, D. arenysensis as the dominant chytrid. The maximum infection prevalence was 2% indicating host-parasite coexistence. To further understand the in-situ prevalence of chytrids, we characterised the dynamics of the host abundance and prevalence of chytrids through co-culture. These laboratory experiments revealed intraspecific variability of D. arenysensis in its interaction with Ostreopsis, exhibiting a range from stable coexistence to the near-extinction of the host population. Moreover, while chytrids preferentially parasitized dinoflagellate cells, one of the strains examined displayed the ability to utilize pollen as a resource to maintain its viability, thus illustrating a facultative parasitic lifestyle. Our findings not only enrich our understanding of the diversity, ecology, and progression of epiphytic microalgal and fungal communities on Mediterranean coastal macroalgae, but they also shed light on the presence of zoosporic parasites in less-explored benthic habitats.

Consensus of Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy on optimal medication therapy management of atopic dermatitis / Consenso de la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria en manejo fármacoterapéutico óptimo de la dermatitis atópica

Aim: This study's aims are: 1) To use the Delphi method to determine the level of consensus among hospital pharmacists (HPs) as regards the factors involved in the current approach to patients with atopic dermatitis (AD); 2) To identify potential areas for improvement in hospital pharmacy in terms of dealing with patients with severe AD; and 3) To contribute to adequate pharmaceutical care for patients with AD by drawing up recommendations. Methods: A two-round Delphi survey with participation from HPs from all over Spain. Three theme-based blocks were set out: 1) AD; 2) Management of patients with severe AD in the Hospital Pharmacy setting; and 3) Unmet needs (pathology, patient, treatment and management). Results: The 42 HPs participating reached a consensus in recognising the impact of severe AD on the patients suffering from it, the need to encourage adherence and the recommendations to use scales that take into account the patient's quality of life and indicators of the patient's experience. It has also been demonstrated that it is worthwhile evaluating the results in real clinical practice in consensus with other specialists from the multidisciplinary team. Finally, it is advisable to use drugs that have demonstrated long-term effectiveness and safety for patients with severe AD, given the disease's chronic nature. Conclusions: This Delphi consensus highlights the impact of severe AD on patients, the importance of a multidisciplinary and holistic approach, in which HP play a major role. It also highlights the importance of increased access to new drugs to improve health outcomes. (AU)

Objetivos: Los objetivos de este estudio son: 1) Determinar, mediante el método Delphi, el grado de consenso existente entre los farmacéuticos de hospital (FH) en cuanto a los factores que intervienen en el abordaje actual de los pacientes con dermatitis atópica (DA); 2) Identificar posibles áreas de mejora en la farmacia hospitalaria en cuanto al abordaje de los pacientes con DA grave; y 3) Contribuir a una adecuada atención farmacéutica a los pacientes con DA mediante la elaboración de recomendaciones. Método: Una encuesta Delphi con participación de FHs de toda España. Se establecieron tres bloques temáticos: 1) DA; 2) Manejo de pacientes con DA grave desde Farmacia Hospitalaria; y 3) Necesidades no cubiertas (patología, paciente, tratamiento y manejo). Resultados: Los 42 FHs participantes llegaron a un consenso en el reconocimiento del impacto de la DA grave en los pacientes, la necesidad de fomentar la adherencia y las recomendaciones de utilizar escalas que tengan en cuenta la calidad de vida del paciente e indicadores de la experiencia. También se muestra la conveniencia de evaluar los resultados en la práctica clínica real en consenso con otros especialistas del equipo multidisciplinar. Por último, es aconsejable utilizar fármacos que hayan demostrado eficacia y seguridad a largo plazo para los pacientes con DA grave, dado el carácter crónico de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Este consenso Delphi pone de manifiesto el impacto de la DA grave en los pacientes, la importancia del abordaje multidisciplinar y holístico, en el que el FH juega un papel de gran importancia. También se resalta la importancia de un mayor acceso a nuevos fármacos que permitan mejorar resultados en salud. (AU)

Consensus of Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy on optimal medication therapy management of atopic dermatitis. / [Artículo traducido] Consenso de la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria sobre el manejo fármacoterapéutico óptimo de la dermatitis atópica.

AIM: This study's aims are: 1) To use the Delphi method to determine the level of consensus among HPs as regards the factors involved in the current approach to patients with AD; 2) To identify potential areas for improvement in hospital pharmacy in terms of dealing with patients with severe AD; and 3) To contribute to adequate pharmaceutical care for patients with AD by drawing up recommendations. METHODS: A two-round Delphi survey with participation from HPs from all over Spain. Three theme-based blocks were set out: 1) AD; 2) Management of patients with severe AD in the Hospital Pharmacy setting; and 3) Unmet needs (pathology, patient, treatment and management). RESULTS: The 42 HPs participating reached a consensus in recognizing the impact of severe AD on the patients suffering from it, the need to encourage adherence and the recommendations to use scales that take into account the patient's quality of life and indicators of the patient's experience. It has also been demonstrated that it is worthwhile evaluating the results in real clinical practice in consensus with other specialists from the multidisciplinary team. Finally, it is advisable to use drugs that have demonstrated long-term effectiveness and safety for patients with severe AD, given the disease´s chronic nature. CONCLUSIONS: This Delphi consensus highlights the impact of severe AD on patients, the importance of a multidisciplinary and holistic approach, in which HP play a major role. It also highlights the importance of increased access to new drugs to improve health outcomes.

Consensus of Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy on optimal medication therapy management of atopic dermatitis.

AIM: This study's aims are: 1) To use the Delphi method to determine the level of consensus among hospital pharmacists (HPs) as regards the factors involved in the current approach to patients with atopic dermatitis (AD); 2) To identify potential areas for improvement in hospital pharmacy in terms of dealing with patients with severe AD; and 3) To contribute to adequate pharmaceutical care for patients with AD by drawing up recommendations. METHODS: A two-round Delphi survey with participation from HPs from all over Spain. Three theme-based blocks were set out: 1) AD; 2) Management of patients with severe AD in the Hospital Pharmacy setting; and 3) Unmet needs (pathology, patient, treatment and management). RESULTS: The 42 HPs participating reached a consensus in recognising the impact of severe AD on the patients suffering from it, the need to encourage adherence and the recommendations to use scales that take into account the patient's quality of life and indicators of the patient's experience. It has also been demonstrated that it is worthwhile evaluating the results in real clinical practice in consensus with other specialists from the multidisciplinary team. Finally, it is advisable to use drugs that have demonstrated long-term effectiveness and safety for patients with severe AD, given the disease's chronic nature. CONCLUSIONS: This Delphi consensus highlights the impact of severe AD on patients, the importance of a multidisciplinary and holistic approach, in which HP play a major role. It also highlights the importance of increased access to new drugs to improve health outcomes.

Multicenter prospective comparison of conventional and high-power short duration radiofrequency application for pulmonary vein isolation: the high-power short-duration radiofrequency application for faster and safer pulmonary vein ablation (POWER FAST III) trial.

BACKGROUND: Electrical isolation of pulmonary veins (PV) with high-power short-duration (HPSD) radiofrequency application (RFa) may reduce the duration of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, without compromising the procedural efficacy and safety in comparison with the conventional approach. This hypothesis has been generated in several observational studies; the POWER FAST III will test it in a randomized multicenter clinical trial. METHODS: It is a multicenter randomized, open-label and non-inferiority clinical trial with two parallel groups. AF ablation using 70 W and 9-10 s RFa is compared with the conventional technique using 25-40 W RFa guided by numerical lesion indexes. The main efficacy objective is the incidence of atrial arrhythmia recurrences electrocardiographically documented during 1-year follow-up. The main safety objective is the incidence of endoscopically detected esophageal thermal lesions (EDEL). This trial includes a substudy of incidence of asymptomatic cerebral lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after ablation. RESULTS: A randomized clinical trial compares for the first time high-power short-duration and conventional ablation in order to obtain data about the efficacy and safety of the high-power technique in an adequate methodological context. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the POWER FAST III could support the use of the high-power short-duration ablation in clinical practice. REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NTC04153747.

Drug-Related Problems in Elderly Patients Attended to by Emergency Services.

The progressive aging and comorbidities of the population have led to an increase in the number of patients with polypharmacy attended to in the emergency department. Drug-related problems (DRPs) have become a major cause of admission to these units, as well as a high rate of short-term readmissions. Anticoagulants, antibiotics, antidiabetics, and opioids have been shown to be the most common drugs involved in this issue. Inappropriate polypharmacy has been pointed out as one of the major causes of these emergency visits. Different ways of conducting chronic medication reviews at discharge, primary care coordination, and phone contact with patients at discharge have been shown to reduce new hospitalizations and new emergency room visits due to DRPs, and they are key elements for improving the quality of care provided by emergency services.

Correction of Secondary Fluorescence Across Phase Boundaries in Electron Probe Microanalysis of Mineral Inclusions.

One of the limiting factors for the analysis of minor elements in multiphase materials by electron probe microanalysis is the effect of secondary fluorescence (SF), which is not accounted for by matrix corrections. Although the apparent concentration due to SF can be calculated numerically or measured experimentally, detailed investigations of this effect for fine-grained materials are scarce. In this work, we use the Monte Carlo simulation program PENEPMA to examine and correct the effect of SF affecting micron-sized mineral inclusions hosted by other minerals. A concentration profile across an olivine [(Mg,Fe)2SiO4] inclusion in chromite (Fe2+Cr2O4) is measured and used to assess the reliability of calculations, where different boundary geometries are examined. Three application examples are presented, which include the determination of Cr in olivine and serpentine [Mg3Si2O5(OH)4] inclusions hosted by chromite and of Fe in quartz (SiO2) inclusions hosted by almandine garnet (Fe3Al2Si3O12). Our results show that neglecting SF leads to concentrations that are overestimated by ~0.1­0.8 wt%, depending on inclusion size. In addition, assuming a straight boundary yields to an underestimation of SF effects by a factor of ~2­4. Because its long-range nature, SF severely compromises trace element analyses even for phases as large as 1 mm in size.

Silver nanoparticle-adjuvanted vaccine protects against lethal influenza infection through inducing BALT and IgA-mediated mucosal immunity.

Most of current influenza virus vaccines fail to develop a strong immunity at lung mucosae (site of viral entry) due to sub-optimal vaccination protocols (e.g. inactivated virus administered by parenteral injections). Mucosal immunity could be improved by using locally-delivered vaccines containing appropriate adjuvants. Here we show, in a mouse model, that inclusion of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in virus-inactivated flu vaccine resulted in reduction of viral loads and prevention of excessive lung inflammation following influenza infection. Concomitantly, AgNPs enhanced specific IgA secreting plasma cells and antibodies titers, a hallmark of successful mucosal immunity. Moreover, vaccination in the presence of AgNPs but not with gold nanoparticles, protected mice from lethal flu. Compared with other commercial adjuvants (squalene/oil-based emulsion) or silver salts, AgNPs stimulated stronger antigen specific IgA production with lower toxicity by promoting bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) neogenesis, and acted as a bona fide mucosal adjuvant.

Adherencia en pacientes en tratamiento crónico: resultados del 'Día de la Adherencia' del 2013 / Adherence in patients with chronic treatment: data of 'Adherence Day 2013'

Objetivo: Conocer el nivel de adherencia en pacientes en tratamiento crónico que acudieron al hospital el 15 de noviembre del 2013 en el marco del 'día de la adherencia' Métodos: Estudio trasversal, observacional, multicéntrico, realizado en 43 hospitales nacionales, para conocer el nivel de adherencia utilizando los cuestionarios de Haynes- Sackett y Morisky- Green, además de una escala analógica visual y preguntas relacionadas con la complejidad del tratamiento y la adherencia selectiva. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se calculó la concordancia entre los distintos métodos. Resultados: Se recogieron 723 encuestas principalmente en el área de pacientes externos, siendo el 43% de las encuestadas mujeres, con una mediana de edad de 51 años y tomando 3 medicamentos al día. Según el test de Haynes- Sackett, el 10,8% de los pacientes refirieron tener dificultades para tomar su tratamiento. En cambio, un 56,4% de los pacientes fueron cumplidores totales según el cuestionario de Morisky- Green, aunque al considerar únicamente la pregunta relacionada con la omisión de la toma, eran adherentes un 77% de los pacientes. Al aplicar la escala analógica visual, el 71% de los pacientes consideró su adherencia como buena, superior al 80%. Y un 11% de los pacientes presentaron una adherencia selectiva, refiriendo no tomar por igual todos los fármacos. El test de concordancia entre los distintos cuestionarios, considerando el cuestionario de Morisky- Green como Gold estándar, fue débil. Conclusión: En nuestro estudio solamente un 56% de los pacientes en tratamiento crónico presentaron un nivel de adherencia total o perfecto (AU)

Objetive: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the adherence level in chronic conditions patients during 'The Adherence Day' celebrated on November 15, 2013. Methods: We performed a transversal, observational and multicenter study at 43 Spanish hospitals, in order to estimate adherence in chronic treatments. We used the validated questionnaires Haynes- Sackett and Morisky- Green to measure medication adherence; but also a visual analogue scale and questions related with treatment complexity and selective adherence were applied. We performed a descriptive analysis and the closeness of agreement between questionnaires results. Results: A total of 723 surveys were collected especially among outpatients. 43% of the participants were women, with a median age of 51 and taking 3 drugs per day. 10.8% of the patients reported to have difficulty taking their pills according to Haynes- Sackett test. However, depending on Morisky- Green questionnaire, 56.4% of the participants were totally compliant; but considering only the question about forgetfulness, more were adherents (77%). 71% of the patients considered their compliance level as good (more than 8) according to visual analogue scale. And 11% presented a selective adherence, no taking equally well all the medications. The closeness of agreement between questionnaires and Morisky- Green test, as gold standard, was poor for Haynes- Sackett and weak for visual analogue scale. Conclusions: In our study only 56% of the patients with chronic treatment had a perfect adherence (AU)

[Adherence in patients with chronic treatment: data of "adherence day 2013"]. / Adherencia en pacientes en tratamiento crónico: resultados del "Día de la Adherencia" del 2013.

OBJETIVE: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the adherence level in chronic conditions patients during "The Adherence Day" celebrated on November 15, 2013. METHODS: We performed a transversal, observational and multicenter study at 43 Spanish hospitals, in order to estimate adherence in chronic treatments. We used the validated questionnaires Haynes- Sackett and Morisky- Green to measure medication adherence; but also a visual analogue scale and questions related with treatment complexity and selective adherence were applied. We performed a descriptive analysis and the closeness of agreement between questionnaires results. RESULTS: A total of 723 surveys were collected especially among outpatients. 43% of the participants were women, with a median age of 51 and taking 3 drugs per day. 10.8% of the patients reported to have difficulty taking their pills according to Haynes- Sackett test. However, depending on Morisky- Green questionnaire, 56.4% of the participants were totally compliant; but considering only the question about forgetfulness, more were adherents (77%). 71% of the patients considered their compliance level as good (more than 8) according to visual analogue scale. And 11% presented a selective adherence, no taking equally well all the medications. The closeness of agreement between questionnaires and Morisky- Green test, as gold standard, was poor for Haynes- Sackett and weak for visual analogue scale. CONCLUSIONS: In our study only 56% of the patients with chronic treatment had a perfect adherence.

Objetivo: Conocer el nivel de adherencia en pacientes en tratamiento crónico que acudieron al hospital el 15 de noviembre del 2013 en el marco del "día de la adherencia" Métodos: Estudio trasversal, observacional, multicéntrico, realizado en 43 hospitales nacionales, para conocer el nivel de adherencia utilizando los cuestionarios de Haynes- Sackett y Morisky- Green, además de una escala analógica visual y preguntas relacionadas con la complejidad del tratamiento y la adherencia selectiva. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se calculó la concordancia entre los distintos métodos. Resultados: Se recogieron 723 encuestas principalmente en el área de pacientes externos, siendo el 43% de las encuestadas mujeres, con una mediana de edad de 51 años y tomando 3 medicamentos al día. Según el test de Haynes- Sackett, el 10,8% de los pacientes refirieron tener dificultades para tomar su tratamiento. En cambio, un 56,4% de los pacientes fueron cumplidores totales según el cuestionario de Morisky- Green, aunque al considerar únicamente la pregunta relacionada con la omisión de la toma, eran adherentes un 77% de los pacientes. Al aplicar la escala analógica visual, el 71% de los pacientes consideró su adherencia como buena, superior al 80%. Y un 11% de los pacientes presentaron una adherencia selectiva, refiriendo no tomar por igual todos los fármacos. El test de concordancia entre los distintos cuestionarios, considerando el cuestionario de Morisky- Green como Gold estándar, fue débil. Conclusión: En nuestro estudio solamente un 56% de los pacientes en tratamiento crónico presentaron un nivel de adherencia total o perfecto.

Normative EMG values during REM sleep for the diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder.

BACKGROUND: Correct diagnosis of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is important because it can be the first manifestation of a neurodegenerative disease, it may lead to serious injury, and it is a well-treatable disorder. We evaluated the electromyographic (EMG) activity in the Sleep Innsbruck Barcelona (SINBAR) montage (mentalis, flexor digitorum superficialis, extensor digitorum brevis) and other muscles to obtain normative values for the correct diagnosis of RBD for clinical practice. SETTING: Two university hospital sleep disorder centers. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty RBD patients (15 idiopathic [iRBD], 15 with Parkinson disease [PD]) and 30 matched controls recruited from patients with effectively treated sleep related breathing disorders. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants underwent video-polysomnography, including registration of 11 body muscles. Tonic, phasic, and "any" (any type of EMG activity, irrespective of whether it consisted of tonic, phasic or a combination of both) EMG activity was blindly quantified for each muscle. When choosing a specificity of 100%, the 3-sec miniepoch cutoff for a diagnosis of RBD was 18% for "any" EMG activity in the mentalis muscle (area under the curve [AUC] 0.990). Discriminative power was higher in upper limb (100% specificity, AUC 0.987-9.997) than in lower limb muscles (100% specificity, AUC 0.813-0.852). The combination of "any" EMG activity in the mentalis muscle with both phasic flexor digitorum superficialis muscles yielded a cutoff of 32% (AUC 0.998) for patients with iRBD and with PD-RBD. CONCLUSION: For the diagnosis of iRBD and RBD associated with PD, we recommend a polysomnographic montage quantifying "any" (any type of EMG activity, irrespective of whether it consisted of tonic, phasic or a combination of both) EMG activity in the mentalis muscle and phasic EMG activity in the right and left flexor digitorum superficialis muscles in the upper limbs with a cutoff of 32%, when using 3-sec miniepochs.

Analysis of antibodies to surface epitopes of contactin-2 in multiple sclerosis.

Contactin-2 was recently identified as an autoantigen targeted by T-cells and autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we analyzed the frequency of antibodies to contactin-2 (contactin-2-ab) by a cell-based assay in the serum from 105 MS patients and at least 5 years of follow-up (19 clinically isolated syndromes, 51 relapsing-remitting, 20 secondary-progressive, and 15 primary-progressive). Contactin-2-ab were detected in 4 (7.8%) relapsing-remitting patients. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics were not significantly different from the rest of relapsing-remitting patients. In conclusion, contactin-2-ab are identified in a minority of MS patients but their presence is not associated with a particular clinical-radiological profile.

Prevención de muerte súbita en pacientes en espera de trasplante cardíaco / Sudden cardiac death prevention in patients awaiting heart transplantation

La muerte súbita altera de forma inesperada la evolución de muchos pacientes que esperan el trasplante cardíaco. La prevención de la muerte súbita en estas circunstancias constituye un importante motivo de interés e investigación para lograr que un mayor número de pacientes consiga finalmente llegar al trasplante. Los avances de los últimos años en el tratamiento médico de la insuficiencia cardíaca han supuesto un relevante impacto en la mortalidad y particularmente en la muerte súbita. Sin embargo, la muerte súbita sigue siendo una causa frecuente de mortalidad en pacientes que esperan el trasplante cardíaco. La identificación de pacientes con riesgo más alto de muerte súbita resulta relativamente fácil, pero la mayoría de los pacientes que mueren súbitamente en espera del trasplante no se encuentran entre los pacientes catalogados inicialmente como de mayor riesgo. Los betabloqueantes, cuando son posibles, pueden reducir la mortalidad súbita y total. Los fármacos antiarrítmicos de clase I no deben ser utilizados en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca. La amiodarona no aumenta la mortalidad y puede ser beneficiosa en algunos grupos, pero su uso generalizado no está justificado y su eficacia es inferior a la del desfibrilador implantable. El desfibrilador implantable es el tratamiento de referencia para disminuir la muerte súbita en pacientes seleccionados en espera de trasplante (AU)