Drain fluid cryo-explant technique for treatment of superior bullous rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in young adults.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of the drain fluid cryo-explant (DFCE) technique for the management of uncomplicated superior bullous rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in young adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study that included eyes with uncomplicated superior bullous RRD in patients ⩽40 years old. DFCE technique consists of sequential drainage of subretinal fluid, intravitreal fluid injection, cryotherapy, and placement of a scleral explant(s). The primary outcome measure was anatomical reposition of the retina after a single surgery. Secondary outcome measures included improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and any reported complication related to the procedure. RESULTS: The study included 51 eyes which met the study eligibility criteria. The mean duration of detachment was 19.7 ± 6.4 days. A single retinal break was found in 31 eyes (60.8%), and more than one break were found in 20 eyes (39.2%). The mean number of breaks per eye was 1.72 ± 1.04. The mean detached area per eye was 7.21 ± 3.19 clock hours, and the macula was detached in 22 eyes (43.1%). Flattening of the retina and closure of all retinal breaks was achieved in all eyes after a single surgery. Late recurrence of retinal detachment occurred in two eyes (3.9%) due to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). No complicated cataract or iatrogenic retinal breaks were detected in all eyes. CONCLUSION: DFCE technique could be effectively used for treatment of uncomplicated superior bullous RRD in adults ⩽40 years. It is safe and provides good visualization during surgery with no iatrogenic retinal breaks or complicated cataract.

Secondary Intraocular Lens Implantation After Simultaneous Penetrating Keratoplasty and Cataract Extraction for Coexisting Corneal and Lens Opacities.

PURPOSE: To report the results of a new approach to the 2-stage surgical management of coexisting visually significant corneal opacities and cataract. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of eyes with corneal opacities and cataract that were surgically treated with simultaneous penetrating keratoplasty and cataract surgery, followed by secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation after removal of corneal sutures, was conducted. The parameters used for assessment were the following: mean percentage of graft endothelial cell loss after IOL implantation, deviation of the postoperative mean spherical equivalent from the target refraction, and mean uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA). RESULTS: Twenty-nine eyes were included in the study. The mean baseline UDVA was 1.94 ± 0.46, and the mean baseline best-corrected distance visual acuity was 1.56 ± 0.42. The mean interval between the 2 surgical interventions was 13.3 ± 2.2 months. Just before secondary IOL implantation, the mean endothelial cell density was 2198 ± 311 cells. The mean percentage of corneal endothelial cell loss was 7.3% at 6 months after IOL implantation (P = 0.16). Before IOL implantation, the mean spherical equivalent was +11.75 ± 3.38 D. After IOL implantation, the mean spherical equivalent improved to -0.19 ± 0.93 D (P = 0.003) at 6 months. The mean UDVA improved to 0.34 ± 0.18 (P = 0.017), whereas the mean corrected distance visual acuity improved to 0.18 ± 0.29 at 6 months (P = 0.016). All grafted corneas maintained their clarity until the final follow-up visit. CONCLUSIONS: Postponing IOL implantation some months after simultaneous penetrating keratoplasty and cataract extraction has a negligible effect on the corneal graft endothelium and achieves near postoperative target refraction with significant improvement in UDVA.

EFFICACY AND FREQUENCY OF INTRAVITREAL AFLIBERCEPT VERSUS BEVACIZUMAB FOR MACULAR EDEMA SECONDARY TO CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION.

PURPOSE: To compare the safety, efficacy, and frequency of intravitreal injection of aflibercept and bevacizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. DESIGN: Prospective, comparative, randomized, interventional study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eyes with macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion were randomized between two groups according to the intravitreal injection used. Group A included eyes treated with intravitreal aflibercept, and Group B included eyes treated with intravitreal bevacizumab injections. The inclusion criteria were macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion and follow-up duration of at least 12 months after the first injection. Exclusion criteria were macular ischemia, associated diabetes, hypertensive or renal retinopathy, other retinal disease, and previous anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection. The main outcome measures are central foveal thickness, best-corrected visual acuity, time intervals between injections, improved retinal nonperfusion, and any reported complication. RESULTS: Group A included 39 patients with a mean age of 57.4 ± 8.2 years. Group B included 40 eyes with a mean age of 56.5 ± 9.1 years. Twelve months after the first injection, central foveal thickness significantly improved from 475.45 ± 71.05 m to 259.11 ± 20.67 m in Group A and from 460.22 ± 89.38 m to 264.29 ± 32.05 m in Group B; best-corrected visual acuity significantly improved from 0.81 ± 0.16 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (20/125) to 0.34 ± 0.14 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (20/40) in Group A and from 0.73 ± 0.15 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (20/100) to 0.33 ± 0.17 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (20/40) in Group B; the mean number of injections was 3.72 ± 2.93 in Group A and was 5.44 ± 2.85 in Group B (P < 0.05); and the mean interval between injections was 54.23 ± 8.47 days in Group A and was 35.12 ± 7.76 days in Group B (P < 0.05). Retinal nonperfusion improved in 9/12 eyes in Group A and in 3/8 eyes in Group B (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both aflibercept and bevacizumab are comparably effective for treatment of macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion without significant complications. However, the burden of frequent intravitreal injections could be significantly reduced when using aflibercept.

Photorefractive Keratectomy for Residual Myopia after Myopic Laser In Situ Keratomileusis.

Purpose. To evaluate the safety, efficacy, and predictability of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) on the corneal flap for correction of residual myopia following myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Patients and Methods. A retrospective study on eyes retreated by PRK on the corneal flap for residual myopia after LASIK. All eyes had no enough stroma after LASIK sufficient for LASIK enhancement. Data included spherical equivalent (SE), uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity (UCVA and BCVA), central pachymetry, corneal higher order aberrations (HOAs), corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), and corneal haze. Results. The study included 64 eyes. Before PRK, the mean central pachymetry was 400.21 ± 7.8 µm, the mean SE was -1.74 ± 0.51 D, and the mean UCVA and BCVA were 0.35 ± 0.18 and 0.91 ± 0.07, respectively. 12 months postoperatively, the mean central corneal thickness was 382.41 ± 2.61 µm, the mean SE was -0.18 ± 0.32 D (P < 0.01), and the mean UCVA and BCVA were 0.78 ± 0.14 (P = 0.01) and 0.92 ± 0.13 (P > 0.5), respectively. The safety index was 1.01 and the efficacy index was 0.86. No significant change was observed in corneal HOAs. Conclusions. Residual myopia less than 3 D after LASIK could be safely and effectively treated by PRK and mitomycin C with a high predictability. This prevents postoperative ectasia and avoids the flap related complications but has no significant effect on HOAs.

Supplemental scleral buckling for inferior retinal detachment in silicone oil-filled eyes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficiency of treating selected cases of inferior retinal detachment in silicone oil-filled eyes using a supplemental scleral buckling with external drainage of subretinal fluid, versus performing a second vitreoretinal surgery and silicone oil endotamponade. METHODS: A prospective interventional pilot study that was performed on silicone oil-filled eyes with inferior retinal detachment. Twenty-three eyes of 23 consecutive patients were alternatively distributed between 2 groups: Group A included 12 eyes treated with supplemental scleral buckling with drainage of subretinal fluid and without the removal of silicone oil, and Group B included 11 eyes treated with silicone oil removal, vitreoretinal surgery, and reinjection of silicone oil. The preoperative data included indications and details of primary vitreoretinal surgery, cause of retinal redetachment, subretinal fluid, grade of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, lens status, and the duration between primary vitreoretinal surgery and reoperation. The postoperative examination included the best-corrected visual acuity, retina status, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, silicone oil, and any reported complication. Follow-up examinations were scheduled at Day 1, weekly for 1 month, and monthly thereafter till the end of the follow-up period which extended for at least 2 months after silicone oil removal. RESULTS: The average number of detached clock hours per eye was 2.7 in Group A and 2.4 in Group B, caused by a mean of 1.58 ± 0.80 break per eye in Group A and 1.48 ± 0.66 break per eye in Group B. The mean interval between the primary vitreoretinal surgery and the scleral buckling procedure in Group A patients was 2.83 ± 1.22 months (range, 1-5 months), while in Group B, the mean interval between the primary and the secondary vitreoretinal surgeries was 3.00 ± 1.61 months (range, 1-6 months). The mean operative time was statistically significantly (P < 0.05) shorter in Group A (38.7 ± 11.2 minutes) than in Group B (65.3 ± 15.1 minutes). The mean follow-up duration was 15.00 ± 3.22 months in Group A and 14.18 ± 2.99 months in Group B. After silicone oil removal, the retina was attached in 10 of the 12 eyes (83.3%) and redetached in 2 eyes (16.7%) in Group A, while in Group B, the retina was attached in 9 of the 11 eyes (81.8%) and redetached in 2 eyes (18.2%) after silicone oil removal. The mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution best-corrected visual acuity has improved from 1.82 ± 0.72 to 1.36 ± 0.52 in Group A patients (P > 0.05) and from 1.93 ± 0.74 to 1.55 ± 0.63 in Group B patients (P > 0.05) at the end of the follow-up duration. CONCLUSION: For selected cases of inferior retinal detachment in silicone oil-filled eyes, supplemental scleral buckling could be as effective as a second vitreoretinal surgery. Scleral buckling could offer a faster, less invasive, and better economic alternative to repeated vitreoretinal surgery for treatment of such cases.

Repeated intravitreal bevacizumab injection with and without macular grid photocoagulation for treatment of diffuse diabetic macular edema.

PURPOSE: To study whether the use of macular grid photocoagulation 3 weeks subsequent to the initial intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection for the treatment of diffuse diabetic macular edema can provide a longer disease-free intervals and reduce the burden of more frequent injections. METHODS: A prospective pilot study that included 22 patients with bilateral diffuse diabetic macular edema. In each patient, one eye was treated with repeated IVB injections alone (IVB group), while the other eye was treated with repeated IVB injections in addition to macular grid photocoagulation once only 3 weeks after the initial IVB injection (combined group). Before each IVB injection and during the follow-up visits, all patients received a complete ophthalmic examination. The central macular thickness was measured by optical coherence tomography at baseline and during the follow-up examinations. Fundus fluorescein angiography was performed at baseline and before each IVB injection, to detect and assess macular leakage. All patients were followed-up monthly for at least 12 months after the initial IVB injection and for 3 months after the last IVB injection. RESULTS: By the end of the follow-up duration (14.2 ± 1.91 months), the mean number of injections was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the combined group (2.36 per eye) than in the IVB group (3.27 per eye). The mean duration between the injections was significantly longer in the combined group than in the IVB group (P < 0.05). Within each group, the difference between the mean central macular thickness at the baseline and at the end of the follow-up duration was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The change in the mean best-corrected visual acuity between the baseline and the end of the follow-up period was not statistically significant in both the groups (P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups of the study as regards the number of patients who gained, maintained, or lost vision (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Repeated IVB injection could provide a long-term benefit for the treatment of diffuse diabetic macular edema. Performing macular grid photocoagulation once only 3 weeks subsequent to the initial IVB injection might provide a longer disease-free intervals and reduces the burden of more frequent injections.

Intravitreal bevacizumab and/or macular photocoagulation as a primary treatment for diffuse diabetic macular edema.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (IVB) followed by modified grid laser photocoagulation (MGP) versus each alone as a primary treatment of diffuse diabetic macular edema. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A randomized 3-arm clinical trial in which 62 eyes of 48 patients with diffuse diabetic macular edema were enrolled. Eyes were randomly distributed to 1 of 3 study groups: 19 eyes underwent MGP (MGP group), 21 eyes received 1.25 mg of IVB (IVB group), and 22 eyes received IVB followed by MGP (combined group). All eyes underwent a complete ophthalmic examination including fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months, after treatment. Fluorescein angiography was performed at the 3 and 6 months follow up visits. The outcome measures were the change compared with baseline in central macular thickness (CMT), changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), changes in fluorescein angiography leakage, and any reported complication. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: One month after treatment, the reduction in the mean CMT versus baseline was 49.88 µm (10.45%) in MGP group, 150.92 µm (31.30%) in IVB group, and 110.30 µm (23.77%) in the combined group, with a corresponding improvement in the mean BCVA. At 1 month, the improvement in CMT was better than baseline in all groups, yet only significant in the IVB group (P < 0.05) and the combined group (P < 0.05). The improvement in mean BCVA was significant in the IVB (P < 0.05) and the combined groups at 1 month (P < 0.05). At 3 months, the mean CMT was still better than baseline in all groups but this improvement was significant only in the combined group (P < 0.05). The improvement in the mean BCVA was significant only in the IVB and the combined groups (P < 0.05). Six months after treatment, the reduction in the mean CMT was significant in the combined group only (P < 0.05) and there was no significant improvement in the mean BCVA in all groups (P > 0.05). The BCVA did not deteriorate below baseline in all eyes included in the study, except three eyes in the MGP group. No complication related to the intravitreal injection was reported in the injected eyes. CONCLUSION: Combined therapy with IVB and sequential MGP 3 weeks later appeared to be superior to MGP or IVB alone in reducing macular thickening and improving visual acuity. However, no significant improvement in BCVA occurs 6 months after treatment. A combination of IVB and sequential MGP could be used as an initial treatment of diffuse diabetic macular edema.