Psychiatric morbidity and substance use in migrant workers: A population based study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of mental health problems and substance abuse in the migrant population is higher than the general population. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and pattern of mental health issues and substance use in the migrant population and highlight the association with the reverse migration of migrant workers. METHODOLOGY: The field staff visited the shelter homes for migrant population in four cities of Northern India (Chandigarh (UT), Bhatinda (Punjab), Panchkula (Haryana) and Jaipur (Rajasthan). After maintaining the social distance and wearing masks by the staff and migrants, written informed consent was taken for participation in the study. The socio-demographic details of reverse migrants were noted down and Hindi version of Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for mental health problems and screening tool for pattern of substance abuse was administered. Geographically matched undisplaced were also administered these tools. RESULTS: A total of 275 reverse migrants and 276 undisplaced were included in the study. The prevalence of ever use for all the substances among reverse migrants was 44.4% (122/275) and among undisplaced, it was 45.3%. The prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis was higher than the general population. The prevalence of at least one diagnosis on PHQ-9 is 13.45% (reverse migrants 19.3% and undisplaced 7.6) and the prevalence of other depressive disorder is significantly higher in reverse migrants (17.1%) than undisplaced (4.0%). CONCLUSION: The study concludes that prevalence of mental health issues and substance abuse in migrant population is significantly higher than the general population and the prevalence of at least one diagnosis and other depressive disorder is significantly higher in reverse migrants than undisplaced.

Factors Leading to Reverse Migration Among Migrant Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Study From Northwest India.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the various psychosocial factors associated with reverse migration among migrant workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown in India. METHODS: A cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted at 4 sites in Northwest India. The migrant workers were recruited from various shelter homes, and information was gathered from reverse migrant workers and controls using various tools including a sociodemographic profile; knowledge, attitudes, and practices questionnaire; and reasons for migration and reverse migration questionnaires. A total of 275 reverse migrant workers and 276 controls participated in the study. RESULTS: There was a considerable difference between reverse migrant workers and controls regarding the question of whether it was safe to travel during lockdown (76.0% vs 26.4%, respectively). The most common route of spread of COVID-19 infection was through touching and sneezing, and symptoms were fever, dry cough, and sore throat in both groups. Reverse migrant workers had low self-esteem and were reluctant to participate in customs of their migration city. A large number of reverse migrant workers reported that they had no money to survive, worried about family back home at their village, felt pressured by family members to come back to the village, and had been terminated from their job. CONCLUSIONS: Reverse migrant workers had the attitude that it was safe to travel during the lockdown. About one-fifth of the reverse migrant workers reported no place to live and fear of getting an infection. The reverse migrant workers also reported feeling low and gloomy, restless, and uncertain about the future and fear of death. Lack of jobs was a major factor driving migrant workers from their native homes.

Gender differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Findings from a multicentric study from India.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is phenotypically heterogeneous. Gender is an important factor mediating this heterogeneity. We examined gender differences in a large sample (n = 945) of OCD patients under a multi-centric study in India. Cross-sectional assessments were done on consecutive adult (>18 years) treatment-seeking patients with a DSM-5 diagnosis of OCD. Subjects were assessed on Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5-Research Version for comorbid psychiatric illnesses, Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for OCD phenomenology and symptom severity, Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale for insight, Beck's Depression Inventory for severity of depressive symptoms, and the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire. On multivariate backward Wald logistic regression analysis, males (59.7%) had more years of education, had a higher rate of checking compulsions and comorbid substance use disorders. Women were more likely to be married, more commonly reported precipitating factors, had a higher rate of hoarding compulsions and comorbid agoraphobia. Findings from this large study validate gender as an important mediator of phenotypic heterogeneity in OCD. The mechanistic basis for these differences might involve complex interactions between biological, cultural and environmental factors.

Serum Levels of Neuroactive Steroids in First-episode Antipsychotic-naïve Schizophrenic Patients and Its Correlation with Aggression: A Case-control Study.

BACKGROUND: The evidence of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in schizophrenia has been reviewed in the context of the stress-diathesis model. Overactivation of this axis leads to altered blood levels of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S). These neurosteroids in turn act on the hippocampus and interact with gamma-aminobutyric acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors leading to neurotoxicity and may be involved in the neurobiology of aggression. This study aimed to explore the blood level of these neurosteroids and ascertain its correlation with state aggression and psychopathology in first-episode antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenic patients. METHODS: A total of 30 patients with first-episode schizophrenia along with 20 age- and gender-matched healthy controls participated in the study. Both groups were subjected to serum cortisol and DHEA-S measurement after assessment of psychopathology and aggression on a standardised psychometric scale. RESULTS: Serum DHEA-S level was significantly higher in the patient group (p = 0.001). No difference was noted between males and females in the patient group (p = 0.93) but female controls had a significantly lower serum DHEA-S level than male controls (p < 0.01). Serum DHEA-S inversely correlated with scores on Modified Overt Aggression Scale (p = 0.01) but not with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (p = 0.39) or Clinical Global Impression Scale (p = 0.28). CONCLUSION: The first-episode antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenic patients showed a significantly higher blood level of DHEA-S compared with healthy controls. Serum DHEA-S level has an inverse relationship with aggression and may serve as a biological adaptive mechanism to antagonise the neuronal damage caused by cortisol.

Identification of vulnerability among first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the status of schizotypy, neurological soft signs, and cognitive functions as vulnerability markers for schizophrenia and to investigate the potential value of their combination for early identification of people at high risk for schizophrenia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Subjects were drawn from first-degree relatives of inpatients and outpatients with schizophrenia (n = 50). Controls (n = 30) were recruited by word-of-mouth from hospital staff and attendants of hospitalised patients. Subjects who met inclusion criteria on screening were subjected to selected measures for assessment, including Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief Version, the Cambridge Neurological Inventory, digit span test, paired associate learning test, and visuospatial working memory matrix. Statistical analysis was completed using the independent t test and significance (p value), as well as calculation of effect size (Cohen's d). Discriminant function analysis was used to determine the effect of combining assessment measures. RESULTS: First-degree relatives showed higher schizotypy scores (Cohen's d = 0.88) and neurological soft signs (Cohen's d = 1.55). They scored significantly worse on all neurocognitive measures (Cohen's d = -1.27). Discriminant function analysis showed that Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief Version, neurological soft signs, and total cognitive index (the sum of weighted scores on individual cognitive scales) in combination better discriminated between the first-degree relative and control groups (Wilks' λ = 0.54). CONCLUSION: Use of multiple vulnerability markers could enhance the specificity of measures used to determine risk for schizophrenia.

Disability and quality of life in schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder: a cross-sectional comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the quality of life and disability in patients with schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the outpatient psychiatry clinics at Jaipur of India. Fifty patients with obsessive compulsive disorder and 47 with schizophrenia (diagnosed as per criteria of the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases), and with a minimum duration of 2 years on maintenance treatments, were evaluated. Evaluation was based on the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument, the Global Assessment of Functioning scale, and the Indian Disability Evaluation Assessment Scale. The collected data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: Regarding quality of life domains, there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups. Obsessive compulsive disorder patients had lower scores on all domains of disability, all such differences being statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The deleterious effect of illness on quality of life and functioning occur not only in schizophrenic but also in obsessive compulsive disorder patients. Thus management should be planned with this consideration to yield better outcomes in both conditions.

Current perspectives in the treatment of resistant schizophrenia.

This article summarizes the current knowledge base on the diagnosis and management of treatment resistant schizophrenia. While the prevalence of treatment resistant schizophrenia is definition dependent, estimates have ranged from 30% to up to 60%. This article first looks into the various diagnostic criteria of treatment resistant schizophrenia. Then the literature is reviewed about the pharmacotherapeutics of its management. Clozapine emerges to be the gold standard. In addition risperidone and high dose olanzapine also emerge as clinically useful options. Other emerging adjunctive treatment options are equally addressed.

Neurocognitive impairment and comorbid depression in patients of diabetes mellitus.

This study was conducted to find out the association of diabetes mellitus with cognitive functioning and depressive features. We included 50 diabetic and 30 control subjects who were screened on the basis of various inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, a history of variables under study was taken and respective laboratory investigations were noted. First, the Becks Depression Inventory (BDI) was administrated to the patients. The cognitive function was then assessed using the digit span test, stroop Test, controlled oral word association test, visual target cancellation test, digit symbol substitution test, and visuospatial working memory matrix. The composite score on all tests was used to make cognitive index. The data was compiled and appropriate statistical methods were used. We found that 48% of elderly diabetic patients showed cognitive impairment. Poor metabolic control (hyperglycemia) was associated significantly and negatively with cognitive index in diabetic patients. Hyperglycemia was significantly and negatively correlated with immediate memory and attention, verbal memory, psychomotor functioning (DSST), and visuospatial memory. In conclusion, genesis of cognitive deficits in diabetic patients is complex. However, it appears from the study that such deficits do exist and may be associated with chronically poorly controlled diabetes.

BIS-11A -Hindi version: A preliminary study of impulsivity in rural and urban Indian adolescents.

CONTEXT: Despite of there being a pressing need to gauge impulsivity scores, there is no behavioral instrument in India to assess the impulsivity in adolescents. No earlier studies have been done in India to access impulsivity in adolescents. Even in western countries, no study has been done in rural setting to access impulsivity, although segment of rural population is small in western nations with major population residing in urban areas. AIMS: To translate BIS-11A into Hindi from English in a culturally sensitive manner and to do preliminary study in rural and urban areas. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: First translation of BIS-11 (as it is meant for adults) and cultural substitution resulted in Hindi adult version. Adolescent version was derived from adult version by replacing adult activities with adolescent activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BIS-11 English version was translated into Hindi and a back translation was made. As BIS-11 was developed for adults, answering some of the questions poses challenges for adolescents, so to be used with adolescents, questions that do not fit into adolescent age group were substituted keeping in view the activities of adolescents. Besides, questions that were not suitable as per the Indian culture were modified. Initially, these changes were made hypothetically by discussion among the authors and later a group of 48 school students were interviewed about the questions. Based on the interviews of students a final version was prepared. Translation, back translation, cultural substitution -hypothetically, and in school by discussion were carried out. The questionnaire was given to 120 urban high school students (in Jaipur, northern India) and 50 rural students (at Kanota, 25 km from Jaipur, northern India) and the scores were calculated as per the scoring method provided with original BIS-11. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: T-test (two-tailed, two sample unequal variance, i.e., type 3) was used. RESULTS: T-test (two-tailed, two sample unequal variance, i.e., type 3) found no significant difference between impulsivity scores of adolescents of urban and rural areas t 0.05(2)1 = 0.57, |t| < t 0.05(2)1, P > 0.05, P = 12.706. There were no gender related differences either. CONCLUSIONS: As impulsivity can lead to suicide and is implicated for substance abuse in disorders like Schizophrenia, it is important that culturally sensitive impulsivity studies are done in India on a large scale keeping in view the large size of population. Standardization of the BIS11-A Hindi version is being taken up. The work on Hindi version also generates necessity for other tasks if BIS-11(Hindi version) is to be used widely. Work on psychometric properties of Hindi version of BIS-11 A is being taken up. There is a need to devise a quick way to calculate impulsivity scores keeping in view the large population of India (1 billion out of which at least 33% is Hindi speaking, Census Survey of India, 2001). Besides, BIS-11A needs to be developed for other regional languages in India as there is a high-linguistic diversity in India.

Efficacy and tolerability of injectable sodium valproate in patients with mania.

BACKGROUND: Sodium valproate is among the newer mood stabilizers and is also an anticonvulsant. AIM: To assess the effect of intravenous sodium valproate in patients with acute manic episodes of bipolar disorder. METHODS: A 1-week open trial was conducted in the year 2004-2005 at the emergency ward of the Psychiatric Centre, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, in which 30 patients participated. CONCLUSION: Substantial improvement was seen. No major side-effects were noted except marginal elevation of the SGOT and SGPT. The findings suggest that injectable sodium valproate is a safe and effective mood stabilizer for patients with mania.

Is hysteria still prevailing? A retrospective study of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.

A retrospective study was conducted in a psychiatric setup of S.P. Medical College, Bikaner (Raj.) to assess the social demographic and clinical characteristics of hysterical patients. The illness was more common in female patients. Most of the patients were young, married and illiterate. Nearly half of them had faced some stress prior to onset of their illness. Fits of unconsciousness and aphonia were the commonest presentation in female and male patients respectively. Duration of stay was 2-3 days and most of the patient responded well to different treatment modalities.

A study of recent life events and their role in the precipitation of mania.

The present study of fifty patients was aimed at determining the prevalence and nature of recent life events and their role in the precipitation of mania. The role of other factors like family history of psychiatric illness and personality temperament were also taken into account. The study showed that 54% of patients with manic episodes had life events in the preceding one month. The commonest type of life event perceived was a financial problem, large loan, marital and family conflicts and damage to property or crops. Perception of life events had a statistically significant relationship with family history of mental illness and educational status.