ABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Tithonia diversifolia extract (TDE) on leptin, adiponectin, and insulin receptor (IR) concentrations in diabetic rats. Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into a control and treatment groups (n=6 per group). The control group received normal saline, and the treatment groups received 0.25% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, TDE at 100 mg/kg body weight (bw), and catechin at 10 mg/kg bw for 7 days. On day 8, the rats were sacrificed, blood samples were obtained, and leptin, adiponectin, and insulin concentrations were measured using avidinhorseradish peroxidase sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A calorimetric method was used to measure blood glucose (BG) and total serum cholesterol concentrations. The pancreas and kidneys were collected for the measurement of renal IR and macrophage cluster of differentiation (CD)14 levels using immunohistochemical staining. Acute type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with elevated BG and total serum cholesterol concentrations was observed in the treatment groups administered streptozotocin. The administration of TDE at 100 mg/kg bw significantly decreased leptin and increased adiponectin concentrations (P≤0.05). Furthermore, TDE treatment significantly increased renal IR and decreased macrophage CD14 levels (P<0.05). Therefore, TDE decreased leptin and BG concentrations by increasing IR levels. TDE also suppressed the necrosis of pancreatic tissues by inhibiting macrophage CD14 expression in diabetic rats. However, further research is necessary to determine the effect of TDE on interleukin and IR levels in the related tissues of patients with T2DM.
ABSTRACT
The considerably high incidence of cardiovascular disease in Indonesia has attracted scientists to investigate various plant and fruit extracts as preventive agents. Averrhoa bilimbi (AB) is rich in bioactive constituents that may be effective in preventing indicators of hypertension. This study evaluated the roles of AB extract in increasing serum nitric oxide (NO) concentration and vascular dilatation in ethanol-induced hypertensive rats. A total of 24 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided equally into 4 treatment groups (n=6): P0 (control group, administered placebo); P1 [administered captopril 3 mg/kg body weight (BW) orally]; P2 (administered AB extract at 20 g/kg BW); and P3 (administered AB extract at 40 g/kg BW). The AB extract was obtained from fresh AB macerated in 96% ethanol and was subjected to bioactive compounds identification using thin layer chromatography. After pretreatment with ethanol for 15 days, treatments were administered daily for 14 days. All rats were measured for tail blood pressure by the tail-cuff method and NO concentrations by avidin-horseradish peroxidase sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. All rats were sacrificed to collect blood vessels for histopathology. The results showed that AB extracts contained flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, essential oils, and anthraquinone. Treatment with AB extract at a dose of 40 mg/kg BW significantly increased NO concentrations (P<0.05). Histopathological analysis showed that AB extracts inhibited endothelial pyknosis, intimal body, and adventitial leukocyte infiltration of posterior vena cava blood vessels. These results suggest that the protective effect of AB extracts is associated with NO concentration in the blood by inhibiting blood vessel dysfunction.
ABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Coleus amboinicus (CA) plants are known to exert antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects and demonstrate antiproliferative effects against cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the activity of CA extract on the expression of transforming growth factor-1ß (TGF-1ß) in cisplatin-induced nephropathy in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). MATERIALS AND METHODS: CA was obtained from fresh leaves of CA and was extracted using 96% ethanol maceration. This blinded, controlled, randomized post-test study assigned 24 Wistar rats to three groups (n=8). Negative controls received normal saline (P0), nephropathy was induced in rats by cisplatin (5 mg/kg, IP) (P1), and treated with ethanolic coleus extract (500 mg/kg, PO) (P2), respectively, for 7 days. Nephropathy was induced on the 4th day. All rats were sacrificed on the 8th day for blood and kidney sample collection. Concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase were analyzed using colorimetric analysis. A semi-quantitative analysis was performed on sectioned kidneys to determine the numbers of positive cells for TGF-1ß expression and to evaluate structural and functional alterations in the kidneys using histopathological and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: The concentrations of BUN, creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase from blood samples in the treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p<0.05). Morphological evaluation of the tubular interstitium and glomeruli revealed that necrotic, degenerating, and infiltration of cells significantly decreased in the treatment group compared to the control group (p<0.05). The mean immunostaining scores indicating the presence of TGF-1ß were 7.8 in the ethanolic coleus extract group, 3 in the induction group, and 2.3 in the control group. The expression scores for TGF-ß1 were significantly different between the ethanolic coleus extract treatment and control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that in Wistar rats with cisplatin-induced nephropathy, CA extract inhibits pathological lesions by regulating the renal expression of TGF-1ß in areas containing the renal tubules and glomeruli.
