ABSTRACT
A new acylated avicularin, namely avicularin 2''-(4'''-O-n-pentanoyl)-gallate (1) along with 12 metabolites have been isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the aerial parts of Jussiaea repens L. (Onagraceae). Their structures were established as trifolin 2''-O-gallate (2), quercetrin (3), guaijaverin (4), reynoutrin (5), juglanin (6), avicularin (7), hyperin (8), trifolin (9), hyperin 2''-O-gallate (10), rutin (11), kaempferol (12) and quercetin (13) on the basis of their chromatographic properties, chemical and spectroscopic evidences. The investigated ethyl acetate extract was found to be non-toxic (LD(50) up to the maximum soluble dose 4 g kg(-1) body wt.) and had significant antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities. Also some of the isolated flavonoids showed cytotoxic activity against Ehrlich ascitis carcinoma cells.
Subject(s)
Flavonoids/pharmacology , Onagraceae/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Flavonoids/chemistry , Galactosides/chemistry , Galactosides/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Kaempferols/chemistry , Kaempferols/pharmacology , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Male , Mice , Molecular Structure , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Quercetin/analogs & derivatives , Quercetin/chemistry , Quercetin/pharmacology , RatsABSTRACT
Chlorination of 6-aryl-3-cyano-2-pyridone-4-carboxylic acid (1) afforded the corresponding acid chloride (2) and the 2-chloro derivative (3). Esterification of (2) gave the corresponding esters (4a; b). Hydrazinolysis of (4a) afforded the respective pyridazinone derivative (5). Treatment of 6-aryl-2-chloro-3-cyano-4-pyridine carboxylic acid (3) with acetyl hydrazine, gave the triazinopyridine derivative (6), while treatment of 3 with sodium azide in DMF afforded the tetrazinopyridine derivative (7). Treatment of the N-acetyl derivative (1b) with thiosemicarbazide and/or hydroxylamine hydrochloride, yielded the correspoding semicarbazone and oxine derivatives (8) and (10), respectively. The reaction of 6-aryl-3-cyano-1,2-dihydro-2-thioxo-4-pyridinecarboxylic acid (1c) with ethylchloro acetate and/or thiourea yielded the mercapto ester derivative (11) and the corresponding pyrido [2,3-d] pyrimidine thione derivative (12). Condensation reaction of (1d) with anthranilic acid, afforded the quinazolone derivative (11). The reactivity of 11 towards hydrazine hydrate was investigated. The structural assignment of the new derivatives were based on IR, 1H NMR and mass data. Some of the new compounds were screened, in vitro, for antimicrobial activity and the results were encouraging.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Pyridones/chemical synthesis , Pyridones/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Bacteria/drug effects , Fungi/drug effects , Indicators and Reagents , Microbial Sensitivity TestsABSTRACT
This paper deals with the expression of the biomarker hsp70 in the liver and kidney of the freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus following exposure to the herbicide oxyfluorfen (Goal). Fishes were exposed to three concentrations, the 96-h LC50 (3 mg/L), the 96-h (1/2)LC50 (1.5 mg/L), and the 96-h (1/4)LC50 (0.75 mg/L) of oxyfluorfen for 6, 15, and 24 days, respectively, and samples were taken at three different time periods for each concentration. The livers responded to the herbicide by an induction of the expression of both the constitutive (hsp75; Mr 75 kDa) and the inducible (hsp73; Mr 73 kDa) hsp70 proteins. In kidney, the herbicide induced a time-dependent increase in the expression of the constitutive hsp70 (hsp75) as well, but the inducible hsp70 (hsp73) required much longer incubation periods to reach maximal levels (15 and 24 days). Our results suggest that expression of hsp70 in fish is a sensitive indicator of cellular responses to herbicide exposure in the aquatic environment.
Subject(s)
HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/biosynthesis , Phenyl Ethers/toxicity , Tilapia/physiology , Animals , Egypt , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers , Kidney/drug effects , Kidney/metabolism , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolismABSTRACT
The essential oils of the aerial parts of Jasonia candicans and J. montana were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique. Of twenty-one components identified in the volatile oil of J. candicans, intermediol was the main constituent. Fifty-eight components were characterized in the essential oil of J. montana. Camphor, borneol, bornyl acetate, chrysanthemol, intermediol, and 1,8-cineole were the major constituents in this oil. The two oils showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis. They also showed a marked antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans.
