EFFICACY OF THREE INSECTICIDES ON RAT FLEA (XENOPSYLLA CHEOPIS) INFESTING RODENTS IN GIZA GOVERNORATE, EGYPT.

The extensive use of insecticides in public health and agriculture sectors is the main reason for development of resistance in fleas associated in domestic rodents. The present work was planned to investigate the insecticidal efficacy of Lambda-cyhalothrin, Chlorpyrifos and Fenitrothion against rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) infesting rodent species in Giza Governorate, Egypt. The lethal concentration Lc50 and Lc90 of population percent were obtained from the established regression log concentrate-response lines. Data indicated that the values of lethal concentration (Lc50) were 0.293, 1.725 & 2.328% for Lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos and Fenitrothion, respectively. The values of lethal concentration (Lc90) were 0.467, 2.839 & 5.197% for Lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos and Fenitrothion, respectively.

Efficacy of certain insecticides against rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) among rodent species in Cairo Governorate, Egypt.

The efficacy of malathion, chlorpyrifos and deltamethrine to oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis associated different rodent species was carried out in Cairo Governorates. The results indicated that the LC50 values were 1.972, 1.023 and 0.185 % for Malathion, Chlorpyrifos and Deltamethrine, respectively. The values of Lc90 were 4.452, 2.269 & 0.456% for the three insecticides respectively. Data also indicated that deltamethrine was effective on fleas than malathion and chlorpyrifos. The slope function was 3.625, 3.70 & 3.267, respectively.

Field studies on dominant rodents and the efficacy of certain insecticides to their fleas in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.

A preliminary survey of domestic rodent and the efficacy of bendiocarb, diazinon and pirimiphos-methyl insecticides to their fleas were carried out in Dakahlia Governorates (Aga, Meet-Ghamr, El-Senbellawen, Temi El-Amded, Beni-Abed, Dekernes, Nabarow, Talkha, Menia El-Nasr and El-Kordy). Rodent index (number of rodent/trap) and percentage frequency of drodent species were recorded from October 2010 to May 2011. The main rodent species found were the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, the grey-bellied rat, R. rattus alexandrinus, the white-bellied rat, R. r. frugivorus and the house mouse, Mus musculus. The rodent index at Beni-Abed, Nabarow, Meet-Ghamr, Dekernes and El-Kordy centers showed 0.46, 0.39, 0.34, 0.33 & 0.33, respectively, while Menia El-Nasr center showed the lowest (0.08). Aga, Talkha, El-Senbellawen, and Temi El-Amded centers showed moderate (0.25, 0.21, 0.2 & 0.16, respectively). The commonest flea species was the oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, the mouse flea, Leptopsylla segnis, the dog flea, Ctenocephalides canis and the sticktight flea Echidnophaga gallinacea. The highest number of fleas was on R. norvegicus (Flea index=10.9) while lowest number was on Mus musculus (Flea index=0.1). X. cheopis was the highest frequency distributed for all domestic rodent species (60.9%), while, C. canis was the lowest (1.6%). The results showed that bendiocarb was effective (Lc50=0.389%) than diazinon (Lc50=1.039%) and pirimiphosmethyl (Lc50=2.056 %).

The current status of fleas according to environmental changes in some Governorates in Egypt.

A preliminary survey of domestic rodent and their fleas was carried out in different environmental Governorates (Ismailia, Dakahlia, El-Fayoum, North Sinai and Matrouh), Egypt. Flea index (number of flea/rodent) and percentage frequency of different flea species were recorded in spring (2009- 2010). The main rodent species found were the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, the grey-bellied rat, Rattus rattus alexandrinus, the white- bellied rat, Rattus rattus frugivorus, the house mouse, Mus musculus and the spiny mouse Acomys cahirinus. The common flea species attacking rodents were: the oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, the mouse flea, Leptopsylla segnis, the dog flea, Ctenocephalides canis and the sticktight flea Echidnophaga gallinacea. The flea index at Ismailia and Matrouh Governorates showed the highest indices (8.93 & 7.68), while El-Fayoum and North Sinai Governorates showed the lowest ones (1.09 & 1.68). Dakhalia showed moderate flea index (4.52). The highest number of fleas was recorded on R. norvegicus lives in places that are easy to dig barrows, which are suitable medium for fleas breeding. The lowest number was recorded on Mus musculus and Acomys cahirinus. The oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis was the highest frequency distribution for all domestic rodent species, while, the stick-tight flea, Echidnophaga gallinacea was the lowest which recorded at Ismailia and Dakahlia only.

Rodent borne diseases and their fleas in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt.

A preliminary survey of domestic rodent borne diseases and their fleas was carried out in ten centers of Menofiya (Quesna, Shebeen El-Kom, Berka El-Saabe, El-Bagour, El-Shohada, Tala, Menoff, Searth El-Lian, Ashmon and El-Sadat) Governorate, Egypt. Rodent index (number of rodent / trap) and percentage frequency of different rodent species were recorded in spring (2009). The main species was Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, the grey-bellied rat, R. rattus alexandrinus, the white- bellied rat, R. rattus frugivorus and the house mouse, Mus musculus. Searth El-Lian center showed the highest existing rodent- index, while Quesna center showed the lowest existing rodent-index. The Norway rat, R. norvegicus showed higher frequency at Shebeen El-Kom, Berka El-Saabe, El-Baguur, Searth El-Lian and El-Sadat. R. rattus alexandrinus showed higher frequency at Tala center, while Rattus rattusfrugivorus showed higher frequency at El-Shohada, Menoff and Ashmon. M. masculus showed the lower frequency at all centers. The common flea species attacking rodents at all centers were: the oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, the mouse flea, Lyptopsylla segnis and the dog flea, Ctenocephalides canis. The flea index (number of flea/rodent) at Searth El-Lian was the highest, while Shebeen El- Kom showed the lowest index. The oriental rat flea, X. cheopis was the highest frequency distribution for all domestic rodent species studied while, the dog flea, C.s canis was the lowest. The adult rodents showed the higher frequency with fleas than juveniles.

Response of predominant rodent borne diseases to difethialone anticoagulant rodenticide under laboratory conditions.

Susceptibility level to difethialone 0.0025% anticoagulant rodenticide by bioassay method were studied (during 2009 & 2010) to the Norway rat Rattus norvegicus and the roof rat Rattus rattus trapped from Giza and Menoufia Governorates (G) where anticoagulant rodenticides were used to control rodents for long periods. Complete mortality was obtained for both species at two Governorates within 3 days no-choice feeding test period, indicated to be susceptible to difethialone. The bait consumption and corresponding active ingredient intake was more in R. rattus than R. norvegicus. The mean intake values for R. rattus were 3.1 & 2.29 mg/kg at Giza G and 2.63 & 2.65 mg/kg at Menoufia G for males and females and for R. norvegicus 1.93 & 2.29 mg/kg at Giza and 2.14 & 2.09 mg/kg at Menoufia for males and females, respectively. Within 2 days no-choice feeding test period, difethialone caused mortality ranged between 70-80% for both species. The higher intake values of active ingredient for died animals was recorded for R. rattus males at Giza G (2.23 mg/kg), while the lower value was recorded for R. norvegicus females of at Menoufia G (1.37 mg/kg). Within one-day no-choice feeding test period, difethialone caused mortality ranged between 60-70% for R. norvegicus and 50-60% to R. rattus. The higher intake values for died animals were recorded for R. rattus males at Giza G (1.45 mg/kg), while the lower value was recorded for R. norvegicus males at Giza (0.75 mg/kg).

Infestation rate of tick, mite and lice among rodent species in Menoufia governorate, Egypt.

A preliminary survey of domestic rodent species and their ectoparasites tick, mite and lice was carried out in ten centers of Menoufia (Quesna, Shebeen El-Kom, Berka El-Saabe, El-Bagour, El-Shohada, Tala, Menoff, Searth El-Lian, Ashmon and El-Sadat) Governorate. Frequency of rodent species and ectoparasites indices (tick, mite and lice) were recorded in spring (2009). The main species of rodent was Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, the grey-bellied rat, Rattus rattus alexandrinus, the white-bellied rat, Rattus rattus frugivorus and the house mouse, Mus musculus. The common tick species attacking rodents were: Rhipicephalus sp. and Hyalomma sp. The common mite species attacking rodents were: Dermanyssus sangineus, Orithonysus bacoti, Haemolaelaps glas-gowi, Laelaps nutalli, Radfordia sp. and Myobia sp. The only common lice species was Polyplax spinulosa. The fur mites Radfordia sp. and Myobia sp. were recorded at Quesna, Searth El-Lian and El-Sadat centers on R. norvegicus for the first time at Menoufia Governorate.