Proteins or RNA synthesis inhibitors suppressed induction of amnesia developing under impairment of memory reconsolidation by serotonin receptors antagonist.

Studies have shown that retrieval of long-term memory can cause memory reconsolidation, and impaired reconsolidation leads to amnesia development. However, the mechanisms of amnesia induction due to impaired memory reconsolidation remains poorly described. Using experiments involving grape snails trained to conditioned food aversion, we studied the role of translation and transcription processes and the role of serotonin receptors in the mechanisms of amnesia induction. We found that administration of a serotonin receptor antagonist or a protein synthesis inhibitor before the administration of a reminder using a conditioned food stimulus induced amnesia development, whereas injections of mRNA synthesis inhibitor did not affect memory safety. Moreover, combined injections of an antagonist of serotonin receptor and inhibitors of protein or mRNA synthesis before reminder administration completely prevented amnesia development. In addition, inhibitors of protein or mRNA synthesis prevented amnesia development 3 h but not 9 h after the administration of a serotonin receptor antagonist/reminder. We hypothesize that the mechanisms of amnesia induction caused by impaired memory reconsolidation depend on protein and mRNA syntheses within a certain time window, similar to the mechanisms of induction of other long-term plastic brain rearrangements.

AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIALS EVIDENCE FOR DIFFERENCES IN INFORMATION PROCESSING BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW HYPNOTIZABLE SUBJECTS.

N100 and P300 auditory evoked potentials in 2-stimulus oddball paradigm were analyzed in high (HH, n = 18) and low (LH, n = 15) hypnotizable participants under waking condition. LH subjects committed more errors than HH subjects. HH subjects demonstrated shorter N100 latencies at frontal electrodes and significant N100 differences between target and nontarget stimuli (higher N100 amplitude and increased latency at parietal sites to targets vs. nontargets), whereas LH subjects failed to show any differences. The overall increase of P300 amplitude with frontal-central localization of P300 maximum was found in HH subjects compared to LH subjects. The obtained results support the psychophysiological model of HH individuals having more effective frontal attentional systems involved in detecting, integrating, and filtering relevant information.

Different components of conditioned food aversion memory.

Memory reconsolidation processes and protein kinase Mzeta (PKMzeta) activity in memory maintenance and reorganization are poorly understood. Therefore, we examined memory reconsolidation and PKMzeta activity during the maintenance and reorganization of a conditioned food aversion memory among snails. These processes were specifically evaluated after administration of a serotonin receptor antagonist (methiothepin), NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist (MK-801), protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide; CYH), or PKMzeta inhibitor (zeta inhibitory peptide; ZIP) either 2 or 10 days after aversion training. Two days post-training, injections of MK-801 or CYH, combined with a conditioned stimulus reminder, caused amnesia development, and a second training 11 days after this induction did not lead to long-term memory formation. Interestingly, MK-801 or CYH injections and the reminder 10 days after training did not affect memory retrieval. Methiothepin and the reminder, or ZIP without the reminder, at 2 and 10 days after training led to memory impairment, while a second training 11 days after amnesia induction resulted in memory formation. These results suggest that the maintenance of a conditioned food aversion involves two different components with variable dynamics. One component could be characterized by memory strengthening over time and involve N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and protein synthesis reconsolidation at early, but not late, training stages. The other memory component could involve serotonin-dependent reconsolidation and Mzeta-like kinase activity at both early and late stages after learning. Deficiencies within these two components led to various forms of memory impairment, which differed in terms of the formation of a conditioned food aversion during the second training.

Transcription inhibitors prevent amnesia induced by NMDA antagonist-mediated impairment of memory reconsolidation.

Recent studies report that long-term memory retrieval can induce memory reconsolidation, and impairment of this reconsolidation might lead to amnesia. Previously, we found that reconsolidation of a conditioned food aversion memory could be disrupted by translation inhibitors for up to 3 h following a reconsolidation event, thus inducing amnesia. We examined the role of transcription processes in the induction of amnesia in the land snail, Helix lucorum. It received N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist and transcription inhibitor 2 days after learning in a neutral context environment; it was then transferred to the learning context followed by reminder with conditioned food stimulus. NMDA receptor blockade, followed by a reminder session, impaired reconsolidation of an aversive memory. Simultaneous administration of an NMDA receptor antagonist and a transcription inhibitor prior to reminder of an aversive event prevented amnesia induction. In contrast, when a transcription inhibitor alone was injected prior to a reminder session, the blockade had no effect on memory. We found that transcription inhibition 0-6 h after amnesia induction suppressed memory loss, but this suppression was lost when inhibitors were administered 9 h after amnesia. Thus, amnesia is likely dependent on transcription processes within a 9-h time window. We can hypothesize that amnesia induction initiates synthesis of specific mRNAs and proteins; furthermore, these events occur within specific time-dependent windows. Our findings could prove useful for the analysis of amnesia formation and for the development of possible ways to prevent memory loss associated with various diseases and injuries in animals and humans.