ABSTRACT
Levamisole (L) is an anthelmintic agent that is widely used in clinical practice. L can enter the human organism during the treatment of helminthiasis as well as during the using the contaminated cocaine. Multifocal inflammatory levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy (MILL) is one of the most serious complications of L use. The article discusses the clinical and radiological features of MILL which have a number of similarities of multiple sclerosis (MS) appearance. The disease has a favorable prognosis if started early, but the diagnosis of this rare form of leukoencephalopathy can cause difficulties. The case of MILL in patient with mistaken diagnosis of MS is descrThe case of MILL in patient with mistaken diagnosis of MS is descraibed.ibed.
Subject(s)
Leukoencephalopathies , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal , Multiple Sclerosis , Humans , LevamisoleABSTRACT
Autoimmune encephalitis with antibodies to NMDA receptors (anti-NMDAR encephalitis), is the most common form of autoimmune encephalitis. The disease is curable, however, the lack of timely therapy can lead to the disability of patients or to the death. Difficulties in the diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis are caused by the heterogeneity of its manifestations, a possible overlapping with other autoimmune diseases and insufficient awareness about this form of encephalitis. This article describes the case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis associated with recurrent optic neuritis which might be an atypical manifestation for this disease. Optic neuritis could not be explained by overlapping with multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
Subject(s)
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis , Optic Neuritis , Autoantibodies , Hashimoto Disease , Humans , Neoplasm Recurrence, LocalABSTRACT
Autoimmune encephalitis with antibodies to NMDA receptors, or anti-NMDAR encephalitis, is the most common form of autoimmune encephalitis. The disease is curable, however, the lack of timely therapy can lead to the disability of patients or to the death. Difficulties in the diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis are caused by the heterogeneity of its manifestations, a possible overlapping with other autoimmune diseases and insufficient awareness about this form of encephalitis. This article presents the literature review and describes the case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis associated with recurrent optic neuritis, which might be an atypical manifestation for this disease. Optic neuritis could not be explained by overlapping with multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
Subject(s)
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis/complications , Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis/diagnosis , Optic Neuritis/complications , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Multiple Sclerosis/complications , Multiple Sclerosis/diagnosis , Neuromyelitis Optica/complications , Neuromyelitis Optica/diagnosis , Optic Neuritis/diagnosisABSTRACT
Anemia is one of the common diseases comorbid with multiple sclerosis (MS). This article reviews the prevalence and types of anemia in MS patients. It has been shown that anemia is often accompanied by a decrease in serum iron level. The authors present the data on iron metabolism in patients with MS and MRI findings concerning deposits of iron in the gray matter of the brain. The causal relationship between abnormalities in iron metabolism and MS remains unclear; this study allows to approach the understanding of the MS pathogenesis and to increase the efficacy of therapy for this disease.
Subject(s)
Anemia , Multiple Sclerosis , Gray Matter , Humans , Iron , Magnetic Resonance ImagingABSTRACT
This article presents a review of international data on primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) and an analysis of factors influencing timely diagnosis of PPMS in a number of regions of the Russian Federation.