Design of Multi-Target drugs of HDACs and other Anti-Alzheimer related Targets: Current strategies and future prospects in Alzheimer's diseases therapy.

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia that develops spontaneously in the elderly. It's worth mentioning that as people age, the epigenetic profile of the central nervous system cells changes, which may speed up the development of various neurodegenerative disorders including AD. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a class of epigenetic enzymes that can control gene expression without altering the gene sequence. Moreover, a promising strategy for multi-target hybrid design was proposed to potentially improve drug efficacy and reduce side effects. These hybrids are monocular drugs that contain various pharmacophore components and have the ability to bind to different targets at the same time. The HDACs ability to synergistically boost the performance of other anti-AD drugs, as well as the ease with which HDACs inhibitor cap group, can be modified. This has prompted numerous medicinal chemists to design a novel generation of HDACs multi-target inhibitors. Different HDACs inhibitors and other ones such as acetylcholinesterase, butyryl-cholinesterase, phosphodiesterase 9, phosphodiesterase 5 or glycogen synthase kinase 3ß inhibitors were merged into hybrids for treatment of AD. This review goes over the scientific rationale for targeting HDACs along with several other crucial targets in AD therapy. This review presents the latest hybrids of HDACs and other AD target pharmacophores.

Integration of a facile sustainable resonance Rayleigh scattering switchable-based system for feasible determination of centrophenoxine, a nootropic and antioxidant agent; application to crude materials and dosage forms.

The proposed research adheres to a certain methodology to ensure that the technique used for analyzing the centrophenoxine drug is sustainable and green. It is important to highlight that several tools that have been recently developed were utilized as potential indicators of environmental sustainability and applicability. The present research presents a novel and entirely innovative method utilizing ultrasensitive spectrofluorimetry for the detection of centrophenoxine (CPX) drug. The employed methodology in this study involved the utilization of one-step, one-pot, and direct spectrofluorimetric technique, which was found to be both efficient and environmentally sustainable in the validation and assessment of the drug. Simply, when CPX and erythrosine B reagent were combined in an acidic environment, the highly resonance Rayleigh scattering product was immediately produced. The sensitivity limits were observed to be within the range of 15-47 ng mL-1, whereas the linearity was assessed to be in the range of 50-2000 ng mL-1. The optimal settings for all modifiable parameters of the system were ascertained through an analysis of centrophenoxine-erythrosine B complexes. Moreover, the system demonstrated compliance with International Council for Harmonization (ICH) specifications without encountering any issues. The suggested process was then rated on different recent environmental safety measuring metrics to see how good it was for the environment. Fortunately, the WAC standards that combine ecological and functional elements utilizing the Green/Red/Blue (RGB 12) design also acclaimed the current analytical technique as a white one. Additionally, a new applicability evaluation tool (BAGI) was employed to estimate the practicability of the planned method in the analytical chemistry field.

Development of 1,5-diarylpyrazoles as EGFR/JNK-2 dual inhibitors: design, synthesis, moleecular docking, and bioactivity evaluation.

The eradication of multifactorial diseases, such as cancer, requires the design of drug candidates that attack multiple targets that contribute to the progression and proliferation of such diseases. Here, 1,5-diarylpyrazole derivatives bearing vanillin or sulfanilamide are developed as potential dual inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK-2) for possible anticancer activity. These derivatives inhibited the growths of DLD-1, HeLa, K-562, SUIT-2 and HepG2 cancer cell lines, with minimum concentration required to inhibit half of the cellular growth (IC50) values of 2.7-63 µM. The tests confirmed that 5b and 5d were potent JNK-2 inhibitors, with IC50 of 2.0 and 0.9 µM, respectively, whereas 6 h selectively inhibited EGFR protein kinase (EGFR-PK) (IC50 = 1.7 µM). Notably, 6c inhibited both kinases, with IC50 values of 2.7 and 3.0 µM against EGFR-PK and JNK-2, respectively, offering a reference for designing mutual inhibitors of EGFR/JNK-2. The docking studies revealed the ability of the pyrazole ring to bind to the hinge region of the ATP binding site, thereby supporting the experimental inhibitory results. Furthermore, the developed compounds could induce apoptosis and induce cell cycle arrest at different cell phases.

Application of a white and green spectrofluorimetric approach for facile quantification of amlodipine, a hypotensive drug, in batch materials, dosage forms, and biological fluids; content homogeneity testing.

The suggested study adheres to a particular protocol to ensure that the process is environmentally friendly and sustainable. It is worth mentioning that several tools have been adopted as prospective measures of the method greenness. Fortunately, the established analytical method is identified as white by the white analytical chemistry (WAC) concept, which uses the red/ green/blue color scheme (RGB 12 tool) to combine ecological and functional factors for the first time in studying of the cited drug. Amlodipine (AMD), a cardiovascular treating agent, belongs to the dihydropyridine class of oral calcium channel-blocking agents. This article presents a novel, simple, green, one-pot-processed, fast, and ultrasensitive fluorimetric approach for monitoring and assessment of AMD using molecular-size-dependent fluorescence augmentation of the light scattering-driven signal of eosin, a biological stain at a wavelength of 415 nm. This enhancement was directly proportional to the size of the produced complex. The linearity range was from 30 to 900 ng mL-1 , with corresponding sensitivity limits (detection and quantitation levels) of 9.2 and 28 ng mL-1 , respectively. The planned approach was also successfully used to track AMD content in bulk, dosage forms, and bio-fluids (human plasma and urine). The developed method's eco-friendliness was established by different eco-rating metric tools.

Utility of Cilefa Pink B, a foodstuff dye as a fluoro-substrate in the devising of the first facile green Molecular-mass-Related Fluorescence Sensor for quantifying amlodipine in batched material and dosage forms; content uniformity evaluation.

This study introduces the first and unique Molecular-mass-Related Fluorescence Sensor as the first fluorimetric strategy for determining amlodipine. An environmentally friendly, single-step, and direct spectrofluorimetric approach was utilized to evaluate the analyte. In an acidic setting, combining the amlodipine medication and the fluorescent dye Cilefa Pink B generated an instantaneous ultra-fluorescent product. An increase in dye response after adding amlodipine was proportional to the molecular weight of the generated complex, as measured at 329 nm. was the idea ofthe applied fluorimetric analysis. The complexing process increased the molecular mass from 879.86 to 1288.739 g mol-1. The medication's range of 0.050-1.00 µg mL-1 is directly correlated with this molecular massenlargement. The ideal settings for the changeable parameters of the system were established through an analysis of the response of the amlodipine-Cilefa Pink B system. Furthermore, the developed sensor complied with ICH (International Council for Harmonization) standards. The sensitivity limits were 0.0139 µg mL-1 (for the detection limit, LOD) and 0.042 µg mL-1 (for the quantification limit, LOQ). Additionally, this method effectively recovered the drug in its original and therapeutic dosage forms. Finally, the proposed process's environmental impact was also assessed through different modern greenness evaluation tools.

Development of new thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids as aldose reductase inhibitors endowed with antihyperglycaemic activity: design, synthesis, biological investigations, and in silico insights.

This research study describes the development of new small molecules based on 2,4-thiazolidinedione (2,4-TZD) and their aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory activities. The synthesis of 17 new derivatives of 2,4-TZDs hybrids was feasible by incorporating two known bioactive scaffolds, benzothiazole heterocycle, and nitro phenacyl moiety. The most active hybrid (8b) was found to inhibit AR in a non-competitive manner (0.16 µM), as confirmed by kinetic studies and molecular docking simulations. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments demonstrated that compound 8b had a significant hypoglycaemic effect in mice with hyperglycaemia induced by streptozotocin. Fifty milligrams per kilogram dose of 8b produced a marked decrease in blood glucose concentration, and a lower dose of 5 mg/kg demonstrated a noticeable antihyperglycaemic effect. These outcomes suggested that compound 8b may be used as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetic complications.

A new application of isoindole fluorophore derivative in sitagliptin antidiabetic medication assay: Application to dosage forms and biological fluid evaluation.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme suppressant is a unique category of oral antidiabetic medication. Sitagliptin (STG) is a perfect member of this category and is pharmaceutically marketed alone or in combination with metformin. Here, the ideal application of an isoindole derivative for STG assay was developed using a feasible, easy-to-use, economic, and affordable method. STG as an amino group donor can form a luminescent derivative: isoindole on interaction with o-phthalaldehyde and the existence of (2-mercaptoethanol) 0.02% (v/v) as a thiol group donor. Excitation (339.7 nm) and emission (434.6 nm) wavelengths were used to monitor the isoindole fluorophore yield; moreover, each experimental variable was carefully investigated and adjusted. The calibration graph was constructed by plotting fluorescence intensities against STG concentrations, and controlled linearity was observed at concentrations ranging from 50 to 1000 ng/ml. The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guidelines were analyzed in depth to prove the technique validation. The implementation of the present technique was extended successfully to the evaluation of various types of STG dose forms and spiking samples of human plasma and urine. The developed technique was shown to be an effective, simple, and quick replacement for quality control and clinical study evaluation of STG.

Molecular hybrids: A five-year survey on structures of multiple targeted hybrids of protein kinase inhibitors for cancer therapy.

Protein kinases have grown over the past few years as a crucial target for different cancer types. With the multifactorial nature of cancer, and the fast development of drug resistance for conventional chemotherapeutics, a strategy for designing multi-target agents was suggested to potentially increase drug efficacy, minimize side effects and retain the proper pharmacokinetic properties. Kinase inhibitors were used extensively in such strategy. Different kinase inhibitor agents which target EGFR, VEGFR, c-Met, CDK, PDK and other targets were merged into hybrids with conventional chemotherapeutics such as tubulin polymerization and topoisomerase inhibitors. Other hybrids were designed gathering kinase inhibitors with targeted cancer therapy such as HDAC, PARP, HSP 90 inhibitors. Nitric oxide donor molecules were also merged with kinase inhibitors for cancer therapy. The current review presents the hybrids designed in the past five years discussing their design principles, results and highlights their future perspectives.

Design, synthesis and antitrypanosomal activity of heteroaryl-based 1,2,4-triazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives.

Two series of novel 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl-thioacetamide 3a-b and 4a-b and 5-pyrazin-2-yl-3H-[1,3,4]oxadiazole-2-thiones 9a-h were designed and synthesized. The compounds prepared have been identified using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analyses. The synthesized compounds 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 9a, 9b, 9d-e and 9f have been evaluated with α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) as a control drug for their in vitro antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei. Results showed that 3b was the most active compound in general and also more potent than control DFMO. 3b was 8 folds more potent than the reference with IC50 of 0.79 µM and IC90 of 1.35 µM, respectively compared to DFMO (IC50 = 6.10 µM and IC90 of 8.66 µM). The tested compounds showed moderate cytotoxicity with selectivity indices ranging from 12 (9d) to 102 (3b) against L6 cells. Docking study was performed into ten of T. brucei enzymes which have been identified as potential/valid targets for most of the antitrypanosomal agents. The results of the docking study revealed high binding scores toward many of the selected enzymes. A good correlation was observed only between log (IC50) of antitrypanosomal activity of the new compounds and their calculated Ki values against TryR enzyme (R2 = 0.726). Compound 3b, the most active as antitrypanosomal agents exhibited similar binding orientation and interaction to those of WP6 against TryR enzyme. However, in a next round of work, a complementary studies will be carried out to clarify the mechanism of action of these compounds.