Prostatic stents: a narrative review of current evidence.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common chronic urologic condition affecting approximately 50% of men above the age of 60. As per European Association of Urology Guidelines, BPH can be treated according to a stepwise approach starting from a conservative management, a pharmacologic approach, and finally surgery. Both medical and surgical therapies have side effects, impacting on ejaculation and sexual function and patients with multiple comorbidities might not be considered surgically suitable candidates. Prostatic stents offer a minimally invasive procedures in an out-patient setting, possibly under local anaesthesia. Utilized since the 1980s, the past stents encompassed permanent (epithelializing) or temporary (non-epithelializing) devices, like the Uro-Lume (American Medical Systems, Minnetonka, MN, USA) and the Memokath, or Memotherm (Engineers & Doctors A/S, Denmark), and the biodegradable stents made of self-reinforced poly-L-lactide or braided poly lactic-co-glycolic acid. Previous stents however showed a quite high rate of complications among which pain, incontinence, infections, stent migration or blockage, and incomplete degradation that might lead to premature removal of stent. The stents currently available on the market instead are the temporary device Allium Triangular Prostatic Urethral Stent (Allium Urological Solutions, Caesarea, Israel) and the temporary stent SPANNER (AbbeyMoor Medical, Inc., Parkers Prairie, MN, USA), which might be used in case of bladder outflow obstruction, post-operatively, or for acute urinary retention. Studies showed encouraging results, in terms of effectiveness and safety improving patients' quality of life and International Prostate Symptom Score, but longer-term studies are needed to identify the most suitable patients who might benefit from their use. Newer stents and nitinol devices are currently investigated, and we are waiting for the results of the ongoing clinical trials.

Outcomes and considerations for retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) in the setting of multiple and large renal stones (>15 mm) in children: Findings from multicentre and real-world setting.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of retrograde intra renal surgery (RIRS) in the setting of large or multiple stones in children (<18 years). Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed of paediatric RIRS cases at nine centres worldwide over a 6-year period. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 had a single stone <15 mm. Group 2 had either multiple stones, maximum stone diameter of >15 mm, or both. Outcomes included stone free rate (SFR) and complications within 30 days. Results: In total, 344 patients were included with 197 and 147 in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Ureteric access sheaths were more frequently used in Group 2 (39.5% vs. 56.8%, p = 0.021). The operation time was significantly longer in Group 2 (p < 0.001). SFR after a single procedure was 84.7% in Group 1 and 63.7% in Group 2. Overall complication rates in Groups 1 and 2 were 7.6% and 33.3%, respectively. The most frequently reported complication in both groups was post-operative fever (4.4% vs. 14%, p = 0.004). The rate of Clavien I/II complications in groups 1 and 2 was 6% and 25.1%, respectively (p < 0.05). The rate of Clavien ≥ III complications in groups 1 and 2 was 1.6% and 8.1%, respectively (p < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, total operation time, stone size and multiplicity were significant predictors of residual fragments. Conclusions: RIRS can be performed in paediatric cases with large and multiple stone burdens, but the complication rate is significantly higher when compared to smaller stones.

Being all-seeing gymnast within kidney cavity: analysis of the optical and flexibility characteristics trends of 61 flexible ureteroscopes over four decades.

The purpose of this review is to analyze the trend in optical features and flexibility changes of flexible ureteroscopes over the past decades, and determine the correlation of individual parameters with release period as well as with dimensional parameters. Flexible ureteroscopes mentioned in the literature or those commercially available were searched. To minimize the search bias, the instruments were grouped by release date time-periods of < 2000 year, 2000-2009, 2010-2019, and 2020 onwards. The final review included only those instrument models for which data on minimum and maximum depth of field, field of view, direction of view, and deflection degree had been determined. The correlation among features investigated as well as with release period was also determined. 61 models of flexible ureteroscopes (27 fibreoptic and 34 digital scopes) were included. Among the different features investigated among fiberoptic endoscopes, minimum depth of field positively and negatively correlated with channel size and field of view, respectively, whereas maximum depth of view and field of view positively correlated with overall shaft and deflection degree, respectively. Up and down deflection strongly correlated with each other and both were negatively proportional to the distal tip size. For the digital endoscopes, minimum depth of field negatively and positively correlated with distal tip size and working length, respectively. Maximum depth of field positively correlated with field of view, whereas the latter was negatively proportional to the overall shaft. As for the fiberoptic counterparts, up and down deflection strongly correlated with each other. Field of view, up and down deflection of fiberoptic flexible ureteroscopes, were significantly increased among fiberoptic and digital endoscopes over decades. As flexible ureteroscopy technology has evolved, there has been a trend towards increasing field of view with up and down deflection. Given the importance of scope ergonomics, one aspect of this popularity is the improvement of optical characteristics and deflection degree, which significantly correlates with the release period.

Is ureteroscopy and active stone treatment safe and effective in octogenarians? A review of current literature.

Background: With the aging of our patient population, and the increasing incidence of kidney stone disease in the elderly, active stone treatment is becoming more common. In this review of current literature, we aim to assess safety and efficacy of ureteroscopy (URS) as primary treatment for urolithiasis in the octogenarians. Materials and methods: A scoping review of literature according to the PRISMA guidelines was performed, using the relevant search terms. Original articles were screened and included. A narrative review of the studies is provided, with emphasis on outcomes of URS in the elderly. Results: 10 studies were included in the analysis. URS performed in the elderly population showed a good safety and efficacy, with stone-free rates (SFR) comparable to the general population. URS specific complication rates seems to be comparable to the other age groups, with postoperative events mostly related to anaesthesia and pre-existing medical conditions. The overall complication rate was still low, with a slightly prolonged hospital stay. Predictors for SFR were age, severe comorbidities and stone burden. Conclusion: URS for stone treatment in the elderly population is safe and effective, with comparable surgical outcomes to that of the general population. As comorbidities play an important role in the fitness for surgery and overall survival, risks and benefit of active stone treatment should be carefully balanced in this group.

Could Use of a Flexible and Navigable Suction Ureteral Access Sheath Be a Potential Game-changer in Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery? Outcomes at 30 Days from a Large, Prospective, Multicenter, Real-world Study by the European Association of Urology Urolithiasis Section.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the stone-free status (SFS) rate and complications after flexible ureteroscopy (fURS) for treatment of renal stones using a flexible and navigable suction (FANS) ureteral access sheath. METHODS: Data for adults undergoing fURS in 25 centers worldwide were prospectively collected (August 2023 to January 2024). Exclusion criteria were abnormal renal anatomy and ureteral stones. All patients had computed tomography scans before and within 30 d after fURS with a FANS ureteral access sheath. SFS was defined as follows: grade A, zero fragments; grade B, a single fragment ≤2 mm; grade C, a single fragment 2.1-4 mm; and grade D, single/multiple fragments >4 mm. Data for continuous variables are presented as the median and interquartile range (IQR). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate predictors of grade A SFS. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS: The study enrolled 394 patients (59.1% male) with a median age of 49 yr (IQR 36-61). The median stone volume was 1260 mm3 (IQR 706-1800). Thulium fiber laser (TFL) was used in 45.9% of cases and holmium laser in the rest. The median lasing time was 18 min (IQR 11-28) and the median operative time was 49 min (IQR 37-70). One patient required a blood transfusion and 3.3% of patients had low-grade fever. No patient developed sepsis. Low-grade ureteral injury occurred in eight patients (2%). The grade A SFS rate was 57.4% and the grade A + B SFS rate was 97.2%, while 2.8% of patients had grade C or D SFS. Eleven patients underwent repeat fURS. Multivariable analysis revealed that a stone volume of 1501-3000 mm3 (odds ratio 0.50) and of >3000 mm3 (odds ratio 0.29) were significantly associated with lower probability of grade A SFS, while TFL use was associated with higher SFS probability (odds ratio 1.83). Limitations include the lack of a comparative group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: fURS using a FANS ureteral access sheath resulted in a high SFS rate with negligible serious adverse event and reintervention rates. PATIENT SUMMARY: We looked at 30-day results for patients undergoing telescopic laser treatment for kidney stones using a special type of vacuum-assisted sheath to remove stone fragments. We found a high stone-free rate with minimal complications.

A machine learning approach using stone volume to predict stone-free status at ureteroscopy.

INTRODUCTION: To develop a predictive model incorporating stone volume along with other clinical and radiological factors to predict stone-free (SF) status at ureteroscopy (URS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing URS for kidney stone disease at our institution from 2012 to 2021. SF status was defined as stone fragments < 2 mm at the end of the procedure confirmed endoscopically and no evidence of stone fragments > 2 mm at XR KUB or US KUB at 3 months follow up. We specifically included all non-SF patients to optimise our algorithm for identifying instances with residual stone burden. SF patients were also randomly sampled over the same time period to ensure a more balanced dataset for ML prediction. Stone volumes were measured using preprocedural CT and combined with 19 other clinical and radiological factors. A bagged trees machine learning model with cross-validation was used for this analysis. RESULTS: 330 patients were included (SF: n = 276, not SF: n = 54, mean age 59.5 ± 16.1 years). A fivefold cross validated RUSboosted trees model has an accuracy of 74.5% and AUC of 0.82. The model sensitivity and specificity were 75% and 72.2% respectively. Variable importance analysis identified total stone volume (17.7% of total importance), operation time (14.3%), age (12.9%) and stone composition (10.9%) as important factors in predicting non-SF patients. Single and cumulative stone size which are commonly used in current practice to guide management, only represented 9.4% and 4.7% of total importance, respectively. CONCLUSION: Machine learning can be used to predict patients that will be SF at the time of URS. Total stone volume appears to be more important than stone size in predicting SF status. Our findings could be used to optimise patient counselling and highlight an increasing role of stone volume to guide endourological practice and future guidelines.

Evaluating the Safety of Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery (RIRS): Intra- and Early Postoperative Complications in Patients Enrolled in the Global Multicentre Flexible Ureteroscopy Outcome Registry (FLEXOR).

PURPOSE: To assess the incidence of the most common intra- and early postoperative complications following RIRS in a large series of patients with kidney stones. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with kidney stones who underwent RIRS across 21 centers from January 2018 to August 2021, as part of the Global Multicenter Flexible Ureteroscopy Outcome (FLEXOR) Registry. RESULTS: Among 6669 patients undergoing RIRS, 4.5% experienced intraoperative pelvicalyceal system bleeding without necessitating blood transfusion. Only 0.1% of patients, required a blood transfusion. The second most frequent intraoperative complication was ureteric injury due to the ureteral access sheath requiring stenting (1.8% of patients). Postoperatively, the most prevalent early complications were fever/infections requiring antibiotics (6.3%), blood transfusions (5.5%), and sepsis necessitating intensive care unit admission (1.3%). In cases of ureteric injury, a notably higher percentage of patients exhibited multiple stones and stone(s) in the lower pole, and these cases were correlated with prolonged lasing and overall surgical time. Hematuria requiring a blood transfusion was associated with an increased prevalence of larger median maximum stone diameters, particularly among patients with stones exceeding 20 mm. Furthermore, these cases exhibited a significant prolongation in surgical time. Sepsis necessitating admission to the intensive care unit was more prevalent among the elderly, concomitant with a significantly larger median maximum stone diameter. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis showed that RIRS has a good safety profile but bleeding requiring transfusions, ureteric injury, fever, and sepsis are still the most common complications despite advancements in technology.

Influence of Prostate Volume on the Incidence of Complications and Urinary Incontinence Following Thulium Fiber Laser Enucleation of the Prostate: Results from Multicenter, Real-world Experience of 2732 patients.

Background: The use of the new thulium fiber laser in enucleation of the prostate (ThuFLEP) has been introduced recently. Objective: To evaluate complications and urinary incontinence (UI) after ThuFLEP in small and large prostate volume (PV). Design setting and participants: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent ThuFLEP in six centers (from January 2020 to January 2023). The exclusion criteria were concomitant lower urinary tract surgery, previous prostate/urethral surgery, prostate cancer, and pelvic radiotherapy. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: Patients were divided into two groups: group 1: PV ≤80 ml; group 2: PV >80 ml. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the independent predictors of overall UI. Results and limitations: There were 1458 patients in group 1 and 1274 in group 2. There was no significant difference in age. The median PV was 60 (61-72) ml in group 1 and 100 (90-122) ml in group 2. En bloc enucleation was employed more in group 1, while the early apical release technique was used more in group 2. The rate of prolonged irrigation for hematuria, urinary tract infection, and acute urinary retention did not differ significantly. Blood transfusion rate was significantly higher in group 2 (0.5% vs 2.0%, p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in the overall UI rate (12.3% in group 1 vs 14.7% in group 2, p = 0.08). A multivariable regression analysis showed that preoperative postvoiding urine residual (odds ratio 1.004, 95% confidence interval 1.002-1.007, p < 0.01) was the only factor significantly associated with higher odds of UI. A limitation of this study was its retrospective nature. Conclusions: Complications and UI rates following ThuFLEP were similar in patients with a PV up to or larger than 80 ml except for the blood transfusion rate that was higher in the latter. Patient summary: In this study, we looked at outcomes after thulium fiber laser in enucleation of the prostate stratified by PV. We found that blood transfusion was higher in men with PV >80 ml, but urinary incontinence was similar.

Improving Patient Information and Enhanced Consent in Urology: The Impact of Simulation and Multimedia Tools. A Systematic Literature Review from the European Association of Urology Patient Office.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Discussions surrounding urological diagnoses and planned procedures can be challenging, and patients might experience difficulty in understanding the medical language, even when shown radiological imaging or drawings. With the introduction of virtual reality and simulation, informed consent could be enhanced by audiovisual content and interactive platforms. Our aim was to assess the role of enhanced consent in the field of urology. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, using informed consent, simulation, and virtual reality in urology as the search terms. All original articles were screened. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS: Thirteen original studies were included in the review. The overall quality of these studies was deemed good according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The studies analysed the application of different modalities for enhanced consent: 3D printed or digital models, audio visual multimedia contents, virtual simulation of procedures and interactive navigable apps. Published studies agreed upon a significantly improved effect on patient understanding of the diagnosis, including basic anatomical details, and surgery-related issues such as the aim, steps and the risks connected to the planned intervention. Patient satisfaction was unanimously reported as improved as a result of enhanced consent. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Simulation and multimedia tools are extremely valuable for improving patients' understanding of and satisfaction with urological procedures. Widespread application of enhanced consent would represent a milestone for patient-urologist communication. PATIENT SUMMARY: Several multimedia tools can be used to improve patients' understanding of urological conditions and procedures, such as simulation and models. Use of these tools for preoperative discussion enhances knowledge and patient satisfaction, resulting in more realistic patient expectations and better informed consent.

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureterolithotripsy, and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy challenges in managing spinal cord neuropathy patients. Lessons learned from a scoping review.

Introduction: We aim to review the outcomes of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) for renal and ureteral stones in spinal cord neuropathy patients (SNP). Material and methods: A literature search was performed on 8th March 2023 using PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar with no date limit. Preclinical/animal studies, reviews, letters to the editor, case reports, and meeting abstracts were excluded. Only English papers were accepted. Results: Thirty-five articles were accepted. Five studies focused on SWL, 17 on PCNL, and 6 on ureteroscopy. The remaining articles employed more than one procedure. Stone composition has shifted from struvite to the more common calcium phosphate. SWL showed a very poor stone-free rate (SFR) likely due to challenges in patient positioning, stone visualization, localization, and inability to pass fragments spontaneously. Flexible ureteroscopy and PCNL were associated with a high incidence of infectious complications, long hospital stays, high blood transfusion rate, and intensive care admissions. There were also cases of death. Both procedures were challenging due to genitourinary reconstruction, scoliosis and kyphosis, rib-cage deformity, lower limb contractures, and severe comorbidity which also affected anesthesia. SFR was lower than in non-neurological patients. Conclusions: SWL, ureterolithotripsy, and PCNL should be considered challenging procedures in SNP due to positioning issues, an increased risk of intra and peri-operative morbidity, and even mortality. Computed tomography should be recommended to assess residual fragments as it becomes imperative to minimize a re-intervention in SNP who should be preferably treated in referral centers.

The Utility and Safety of Ureteral Access Sheath During Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery in Children.

OBJECTIVE: To compare retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) with and without ureteral access sheath (UAS) in different pediatric age groups. METHODS: The data of RIRS for kidney stone in children were obtained from 9 institutions. Demographic characteristics of patients and stones, intraoperative and postoperative results were recorded. While analyzing the data, patients who underwent RIRS without UAS (group 1) (n = 195) and RIRS with UAS (group 2) (n = 194) were compared. RESULTS: Group 1 was found to be young, thin, and short (P <.001, P = .021, P <.001), but there was no gender difference and similar symptoms were present except hematuria, which was predominant in group 2 (10.6% vs 17.3%, P <.001). Group 1 had smaller stone diameter (9.91 ± 4.46 vs 11.59 ± 4.85 mm, P = .001), shorter operation time (P = .040), less stenting (35.7% vs 72.7%, P = .003). Re-intervention rates and stone-free rates (SFR) were similar between groups (P = .5 and P = .374). However, group 1 had significantly high re-RIRS (P = .009). SFR had a positive correlation with smaller stone size and thulium fiber laser usage compared to holmium fiber laser (HFL) (P <.001 and P = .020), but multivariate analysis revealed only large stone size as a risk factor for residual fragments (P = .001). CONCLUSION: RIRS can be performed safely in children with and without UAS. In children of smaller size or younger age (<5 years), limited use of UAS was observed. UAS may be of greater utility in stones larger than 1 cm, regardless of the age, and using smaller diameter UAS and ureteroscopes can decrease the complications.

Influence of Early Apical Release on Outcomes in Endoscopic Enucleation of the Prostate: Results From a Multicenter Series of 4392 Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate outcomes after laser endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (EEP) stratified by whether early apical release (EAR) was performed or not. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients with clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia who underwent EEP with holmium or thulium fiber laser in 8 centers (January 2020-January 2022). EXCLUSION CRITERIA: previous prostate/urethral surgery, prostate cancer, pelvic radiotherapy, concomitant lower urinary tract surgery. One-to-one propensity score-matching was performed between patients with EAR vs no EAR, with covariates including age, prostate volume, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, preoperative indwelling catheter, IPSS, Qmax, enucleation, and laser types. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate independent predictors of 30-day postoperative complications and urinary incontinence. RESULTS: EAR was performed in 2094 of 4392 included patients. The matched cohort consisted of 787 patients per arm. Total operation time was significantly longer in the EAR group (median 75 vs 67 minutes, P = .004). Early complications were higher in the EAR group (18.6% vs 12.5%, P = .001), while postoperative incontinence rates were similar (14.1% vs 13.1%, P = .61). Multivariable regression analysis showed that 3-lobe enucleation and operation time were significant predictors of postoperative complications; preoperative indwelling catheterization, higher prostate volume, and en-bloc enucleation were associated with higher odds of postoperative incontinence. LIMITATION: retrospective nature. CONCLUSION: Performing EAR during EEP is associated with a greater incidence of early complications, which was mainly driven by higher rates of postoperative hematuria and perioperative transfusion. The risk of postoperative incontinence and its duration are not affected by EAR.

Role of virtual reality in improving the spatial perception of the kidney during flexible ureteroscopy: A feasibility study using virtual reality simulators and 3D models.

Background: The aims were to describe a software-based reconstruction of the patient-specific kidney cavity intraluminal appearance via a head-mounted device and to estimate its feasibility for training novices. Materials and methods: In total, 15 novices were recruited. Each novice was shown a three-dimensional reconstruction of a patient's computed tomography scan, whose kidney was printed. They then joined the surgeon in the operating room and assisted them in detecting the stone during flexible ureteroscopy on the printed model. Then, each participant did a 7-day virtual reality (VR) study followed by virtual navigation of the printed kidney model and came to the operating room to help the surgeon with ureteroscope navigation. The length of the procedure and the number of attempts to find the targeted calyx were compared. Results: With VR training, the length of the procedure (p = 0.0001) and the number of small calyces that were incorrectly identified as containing stones were significantly reduced (p = 0.0001). All the novices become highly motivated to improve their endourological skills further. Participants noticed minimal values for nausea and for disorientation. However, oculomotor-related side effects were defined as significant. Five specialists noticed a good similarity between the VR kidney cavity representation and the real picture, strengthening the potential for the novice's education via VR training. Conclusions: Virtual reality simulation allowed for improved spatial orientation within the kidney cavity by the novices and could be a valuable option for future endourological training and curricula.

Incidence of complications and urinary incontinence following endoscopic enucleation of the prostate in men with a prostate volume of 80 ml and above: results from a multicenter, real-world experience of 2512 patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate complications and urinary incontinence (UI) after endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (EEP) stratified by prostate volume (PV). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia who underwent EEP with different energy sources in 14 centers (January 2019-January 2023). INCLUSION CRITERIA: prostate volume ≥ 80 ml. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: prostate cancer, previous prostate/urethral surgery, pelvic radiotherapy. PRIMARY OUTCOME: complication rate. SECONDARY OUTCOMES: incidence of and factors affecting postoperative UI. Patients were divided into 3 groups. Group 1: PV = 80-100 ml; Group 2 PV = 101-200 ml; Group 3 PV > 200 ml. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate independent predictors of overall incontinence. RESULTS: There were 486 patients in Group 1, 1830 in Group 2, and 196 in Group 3. The most commonly used energy was high-power Holmium laser followed by Thulium fiber laser in all groups. Enucleation, morcellation, and total surgical time were significantly longer in Group 2. There was no significant difference in overall 30-day complications and readmission rates. Incontinence incidence was similar (12.1% in Group 1 vs. 13.2% in Group 2 vs. 11.7% in Group 3, p = 0.72). The rate of stress and mixed incontinence was higher in Group 1. Multivariable regression analysis showed that age (OR 1.019 95% CI 1.003-1.035) was the only factor significantly associated with higher odds of incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: PV has no influence on complication and UI rates following EEP. Age is risk factor of postoperative UI.

Retrograde intrarenal surgery for asymptomatic incidental renal stones: a retrospective, real-world data analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine surgical outcomes and stone-free rates (SFRs) when offering upfront retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) to patients with asymptomatic incidental renal stones (AIRS), as active surveillance, shockwave lithotripsy or upfront intervention in patients with AIRS is still a debate among urologists. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective FLEXible Ureteroscopy Outcomes Registry (FLEXOR), supported by the Team of Worldwide Endourological Researchers (TOWER), examines adult patients who underwent RIRS. We analysed a subset of asymptomatic patients with renal stones on imaging who were treated with RIRS. Data includes patient characteristics, stone specifications, anaesthesia type, perioperative details, complications, and SFR. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess factors associated with the SFR. RESULTS: Among 679 patients with AIRS, 640 met the inclusion criteria. The median age was 55 years, with 33.4% being female. In all, 22.1% had positive urine cultures. The median stone diameter was 12 mm, commonly in lower and interpolar locations. RIRS was preferentially performed under general anaesthesia using a reusable scope in 443 cases. Prophylactic antibiotics were administered to 314 patients. The median operation time was 58 min and the median laser time was 24 min. The SFR was 68.8%. The use of holmium laser (odds ratio [OR] 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06-0.63; P < 0.01) and multiple stones (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.19-0.76; P < 0.01) were factors associated with lower odds of being stone free. Overall complications were minimal, with sepsis in 1.6% of patients. Re-interventions were performed in 76 cases (11.8%), with RIRS being the most common in 67 cases (10.6%). CONCLUSION: Our multicentre real-world study is the first of its kind that highlights the pros and cons of offering RIRS to patients with AIRS and demonstrates a favourable SFR with acceptable complications. Pre-emptively discussing potential re-intervention helps patients make informed decisions, particularly in cases involving large and multiple stones.

Experts' recommendations in laser use for the treatment of bladder cancer: a comprehensive guide by the European Section of Uro-Technology (ESUT) and Training and Research in Urological Surgery and Technology (TRUST)-Group.

PURPOSE: To identify laser settings and limits applied by experts during laser vaporization (vapBT) and laser en-bloc resection of bladder tumors (ERBT) and to identify preventive measures to reduce complications. METHODS: After a focused literature search to identify relevant questions, we conducted a survey (57 questions) which was sent to laser experts. The expert selection was based on clinical experience and scientific contribution. Participants were asked for used laser types, typical laser settings during specific scenarios, and preventive measures applied during surgery. Settings for a maximum of 2 different lasers for each scenario were possible. Responses and settings were compared among the reported laser types. RESULTS: Twenty-three of 29 (79.3%) invited experts completed the survey. Thulium fiber laser (TFL) is the most common laser (57%), followed by Holmium:Yttrium-Aluminium-Garnet (Ho:YAG) (48%), continuous wave (cw) Thulium:Yttrium-Aluminium-Garnet (Tm:YAG) (26%), and pulsed Tm:YAG (13%). Experts prefer ERBT (91.3%) to vapBT (8.7%); however, relevant limitations such as tumor size, number, and anatomical tumor location exist. Laser settings were generally comparable; however, we could find significant differences between the laser sources for lateral wall ERBT (p = 0.028) and standard ERBT (p = 0.033), with cwTm:YAG and pulsed Tm:YAG being operated in higher power modes when compared to TFL and Ho:YAG. Experts prefer long pulse modes for Ho:YAG and short pulse modes for TFL lasers. CONCLUSION: TFL seems to have replaced Ho:YAG and Tm:YAG. Most laser settings do not differ significantly among laser sources. For experts, continuous flow irrigation is the most commonly applied measure to reduce complications.

Incidence of urinary incontinence following endoscopic laser enucleation of the prostate by en-bloc and non-en-bloc techniques: a multicenter, real-world experience of 5068 patients.

ABSTRACT: We aim to evaluate the incidence of incontinence following laser endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (EEP) comparing en-bloc (Group 1) versus 2-lobe/3-lobe techniques (Group 2). We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing EEP for benign prostatic enlargement in 12 centers between January 2020 and January 2022. Data were presented as median and interquartile range (IQR). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors associated with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and mixed urinary incontinence (MUI). There were 1711 patients in Group 1 and 3357 patients in Group 2. Patients in Group 2 were significantly younger (68 [62-73] years vs 69 [63-74] years, P = 0.002). Median (interquartile range) prostate volume (PV) was similar between the groups (70 [52-92] ml in Group 1 vs 70 [54-90] ml in Group 2, P = 0.774). There was no difference in preoperative International Prostate Symptom Score, quality of life, or maximum flow rate. Enucleation, morcellation, and total surgical time were significantly shorter in Group 1. Within 1 month, overall incontinence rate was 6.3% in Group 1 versus 5.3% in Group 2 (P = 0.12), and urge incontinence was significantly higher in Group 1 (55.1% vs 37.3% in Group 2, P < 0.001). After 3 months, the overall rate of incontinence was 1.7% in Group 1 versus 2.3% in Group 2 (P = 0.06), and SUI was significantly higher in Group 2 (55.6% vs 24.1% in Group 1, P = 0.002). At multivariable analysis, PV and IPSS were factors significantly associated with higher odds of transient SUI/MUI. PV, surgical time, and no early apical release technique were factors associated with higher odds of persistent SUI/MUI.

Experts' recommendations in laser use for the treatment of urolithiasis: a comprehensive guide by the European Section of Uro-Technology (ESUT) and Training-Research in Urological Surgery and Technology (T.R.U.S.T.)-Group.

PURPOSE: To identify laser lithotripsy settings used by experts for specific clinical scenarios and to identify preventive measures to reduce complications. METHODS: After literature research to identify relevant questions, a survey was conducted and sent to laser experts. Participants were asked for preferred laser settings during specific clinical lithotripsy scenarios. Different settings were compared for the reported laser types, and common settings and preventive measures were identified. RESULTS: Twenty-six laser experts fully returned the survey. Holmium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) was the primary laser used (88%), followed by thulium fiber laser (TFL) (42%) and pulsed thulium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Tm:YAG) (23%). For most scenarios, we could not identify relevant differences among laser settings. However, the laser power was significantly different for middle-ureteral (p = 0.027), pelvic (p = 0.047), and lower pole stone (p = 0.018) lithotripsy. Fragmentation or a combined fragmentation with dusting was more common for Ho:YAG and pulsed Tm:YAG lasers, whereas dusting or a combination of dusting and fragmentation was more common for TFL lasers. Experts prefer long pulse modes for Ho:YAG lasers to short pulse modes for TFL lasers. Thermal injury due to temperature development during lithotripsy is seriously considered by experts, with preventive measures applied routinely. CONCLUSIONS: Laser settings do not vary significantly between commonly used lasers for lithotripsy. Lithotripsy techniques and settings mainly depend on the generated laser pulse's and generator settings' physical characteristics. Preventive measures such as maximum power limits, intermittent laser activation, and ureteral access sheaths are commonly used by experts to decrease thermal injury-caused complications.

Radiomics in Kidney Transplantation: A Scoping Review of Current Applications, Limitations, and Future Directions.

Radiomics is increasingly applied to the diagnosis, management, and outcome prediction of various urological conditions. The purpose of this scoping review is to evaluate the current evidence of the application of radiomics in kidney transplantation, especially its utility in diagnostics and therapeutics. An electronic literature search on radiomics in the setting of transplantation was conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus from inception to September 23, 2022. A total of 16 studies were included. The most widely studied clinical utility of radiomics in kidney transplantation is its use as an adjunct to diagnose rejection, potentially reducing the need for unnecessary biopsies or guiding decisions for earlier biopsies to optimize graft survival. Technology such as optical coherence tomography is a noninvasive procedure to build high-resolution optical cross-section images of the kidney cortex in situ and in real time, which can provide histopathological information of donor kidney candidates for transplantation, and to predict posttransplant function. This review shows that, although radiomics in kidney transplants is still in its infancy, it has the potential for large-scale implementation. Its greatest potential lies in the correlation with conventional established diagnostic evaluation for living donors and potential in predicting and detecting rejection postoperatively.

Comparison Between Thulium Fiber Laser and High-power Holmium Laser for Anatomic Endoscopic Enucleation of the Prostate: A Propensity Score-matched Analysis from the REAP Registry.

BACKGROUND: Different lasers have been developed for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, with no definitively superior technique identified to date. OBJECTIVE: To compare surgical and functional enucleation outcomes in real-world multicentre practice using high-power holmium laser (HP-HoLEP) and thulium fiber laser enucleation of the prostate (ThuFLEP) for different prostate sizes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The study included 4216 patients who underwent HP-HoLEP or ThuFLEP at eight centers in seven countries between 2020 and 2022. Exclusion criteria were previous urethral or prostatic surgery, radiotherapy, or concomitant surgery. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: To adjust for the bias arising from different characteristics at baseline, propensity score matching (PSM) was used to identify 563 matched patients in each cohort. Outcomes included the incidence of postoperative incontinence, early complications (30-d), and delayed complications, and results for the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL), maximum flow rate (Qmax), and postvoid residual volume (PVR). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: After PSM, 563 patients in each arm were included. Total operative time was similar between the arms, but enucleation and morcellation times were significantly longer for ThuFLEP. The rate of postoperative acute urinary retention was higher in the ThuFLEP arm (3.6% vs 0.9%; p = 0.005), but the 30-d readmission rate was higher in the HP-HoLEP arm (22% vs 8%; p = 0.016). There was no difference in postoperative incontinence rates (HP-HoLEP:19.7%, ThuFLEP:16.0%; p = 0.120). Rates of other early and delayed complications were low and comparable between the arms. The ThuFLEP group had higher Qmax (p < 0.001) and lower PVR (p < 0.001) than the HP-HoLEP group at 1-yr follow-up. The study is limited by its retrospective nature. CONCLUSIONS: This real-world study shows that early and delayed outcomes of enucleation with ThuFLEP are comparable to those with HP-HoLEP, with similar improvements in micturition parameters and IPSS. PATIENT SUMMARY: As lasers become readily available for the treatment of enlarged prostates causing urinary bother, urologists should focus on performing good anatomic removal of prostate tissue, with the choice of laser not as important for good outcomes. Patients should be counseled about long-term complications, even when the procedure is being performed by an experienced surgeon.