Trends in admissions for COVID-19 in the United States between April 2020 and December 2021 and cardiovascular events.

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to cardiovascular complications. We aimed to understand the trends in admission for COVID-19 and the incidence of various cardiovascular events. Material and methods: The 2020 and 2021 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was studied for cases of COVID-19 between April 2020 and December 2021 in the United States. Linear-by-linear association helped us understand the trends of various events. Results: The number of cases of COVID-19 was highest in January 2021 (261,469 patients). The incidence of acute pulmonary embolism rose from 2.08% in April 2020 to 4.82% in November 2021, while deep vein thrombosis cases rose from 1.74% in April 2020 to 2.63% in December 2021. The incidence of cardiac arrest varied, with a maximum of 3.00% in August 2021. Similarly, acute ischemic stroke cases experienced their highest incidence in January 2021 (0.91%). The incidence of myocarditis was highest in April and May 2020 (0.42% each). Peak takotsubo cases were seen between October and December 2021. The highest overall all-cause mortality among COVID-19 cases was seen in April 2020 (16.74%). Conclusions: Throughout the 21 months of our analysis, various trends in COVID-19 cases and incidence of cardiac events were noticed. This could relate to the different variants of COVID-19, their direct and indirect impact on coagulation pathways and the myocardial tissues, and the protective roles of the vaccines.

Age-related disparities in complications among women with peripartum cardiomyopathy.

INTRODUCTION: While the exact pathogenesis of peripartum cardiomyopathy, a potentially life-threatening condition, is still unknown, its incidence is rising globally. We sought to understand the differences in outcomes and complications based on age. METHODS: Records from the 2016-2020 National Inpatient Sample were used for our study. The sample consisted of females diagnosed with peripartum cardiomyopathy that required hospitalization care. They were divided into two age-based cohorts: 15-29 years and 30-40 years. We evaluated differences in in-hospital complications between the two groups using multivariable regression. RESULTS: The analysis consisted of 20520 females diagnosed with peripartum cardiomyopathy, of whom 57.3 % were in the 30-40 years cohort and 42.7 % in the 15-29 years group. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes and lipid disorder was higher among women aged 30-40 years (p < 0.01). These patients also demonstrated higher odds of reporting acute ischemic stroke (aOR 1.354, 95 % CI 1.038-1.767, p = 0.026) while having a reduced risk of cardiogenic shock (aOR 0.787, 95 % CI 0.688-0.901, p < 0.01) as compared to those aged 15-29 years during their hospitalisation with PPCM. No statistically significant differences were noted for events of acute kidney injury (aOR 1.074, 95 % CI 0.976-1.182, p = 0.143), acute pulmonary oedema (aOR 1.147, 95 % CI 0.988-1.332, p = 0.071) or in-hospital mortality (aOR 0.978, 95 % CI 0.742-1.290, p = 0.877). CONCLUSION: Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a serious condition that requires appropriate care and management. Our study linked cases of ages 30-40 years with increased odds of acute ischemic stroke but lower odds of cardiogenic shock.

Acute Ischemic Stroke Among Cannabis Users in the United States and Possible Risk Factors for Mortality.

BACKGROUND: With changes in state laws, cannabis is now more accessible in many parts of the United States. The drug has previously been associated with a higher incidence of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Our study analyzed the effect of cannabis use on AIS outcomes. METHODS: The 2019 National Inpatient Sample from Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality was used to evaluate the AIS patients ages 25 and more. Cannabis users were compared with nonusers. Their mortality risks were also assessed. RESULTS: Five hundred thirty-nine thousand eight hundred eighty patients with AIS were in our study and 8850 used cannabis. Among the cannabis users with AIS, 69.8% were males, 50.6% were white, 61.8% were aged 46 to 65, 32.1% used Medicaid, 86.1% were nonobese, 72.0% were nondiabetics, 81.7% had hypertension, 80.7% did not have a history of alcohol abuse, and 77.5% were smokers (nicotine). Only 12.8% of cannabis users reported any cardiac dysrhythmia, whereas 5.4% required mechanical thrombectomy, and 8.0% received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).After adjusting the variables, cannabis users covered by Medicare, with diabetes, a history of alcohol abuse, cardiac dysrhythmias, and who underwent mechanical thrombectomy had a higher risk of dying. The overall adjusted odds ratio of dying among cannabis users with AIS was 0.603 (95% CI, 0.504-0.722, P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Although the overall mortality risk seems to be lower among cannabis users, those with certain risk factors still present higher mortality risks. Patients with cannabis use should therefore be monitored closely for possible complications and mortality after AIS.

Acute myocardial infarction among teenagers in the United States between 2016 and 2020: a retrospective analysis from the National Inpatient Sample.

Introduction: There is a lack of data on the characteristics of teenagers admitted with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Recent studies have hinted that with changes in lifestyle and easier access to substances of abuse, people may be prone to several cardiovascular complications at an earlier age. Material and methods: Our analysis was based on the 2016-2020 National Inpatient Samples. Logistic models allowed us to investigate the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of AMI among teenagers. We explored outcomes and complications such as cardiogenic shock, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and mortality in these patients. Results: A total of 2170 cases of AMI were recorded between 2016 and 2020 (53.3 cases per 100,000 admissions among teenagers). Weekend admissions (26.3% vs. 20.9%, aOR = 1.298, p < 0.001), smokers (15.9% vs. 10.1%, aOR = 1.198, p = 0.007), cannabis users (18.9% vs. 8.4%, aOR = 1.558, p < 0.001), or cocaine users (5.3% vs. 0.6%, aOR = 4.84, p < 0.001) showed increased odds of recording a diagnosis of AMI. Females showed lower odds than males (32.7% vs. 65%, aOR = 0.264, 95% CI: 0.24-0.291, p < 0.001). Admissions were more likely among teenagers with hypertension (9.9% vs. 2.5%, aOR = 3.382, p < 0.001). Those not covered by Medicaid or private insurances were more likely to be admitted for AMI than Medicaid beneficiaries (12.4% vs. 8.2%, aOR = 1.278, p < 0.001). Finally, teenagers classified as Blacks showed higher odds than whites of being admitted for AMI (aOR = 1.37, p < 0.001). A total of 270 (12.5%) deaths were also noted. Conclusions: Various characteristics among teenagers influence their risk for AMI. Further studies and campaigns on educating teenagers about risk factors may provide long-term benefits.

Cardiac arrhythmias and mortality risk among patients with obstructive sleep apnea following admission for acute myocardial infarction or acute ischemic stroke.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can cause several cardiovascular changes that increase the risk of various complications such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Material and methods: We used the 2019 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and their many collaborators to study the differences in characteristics and outcomes of OSA patients following AMI or AIS and the presence of several cardiac arrhythmias and their associated mortality risks. Results: A lower mortality rate was seen among OSA patients with AIS (2.5% compared to 3.8% in non-OSA), and AMI (2.8% compared to 4.7% in non-OSA). OSA patients with AIS had a higher risk of dying if they were aged 66 or over, of Hispanic origin, or if they reported ventricular tachycardia, or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. For those with OSA and admitted for AMI, they were more at risk of dying if they were aged 66 or over, not classified as "White, Black, or Hispanic", with a history of diabetes, reported ventricular tachycardia, or ventricular fibrillation. Lower adjusted odds ratios were noted among OSA patients with hypertension in both AMI and AIS cases. Conclusions: Further studies comparing these characteristics based on the severity of OSA are therefore encouraged.

A comprehensive review and update on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): what do we know now in 2021?

It has been more than a year since the new virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified in Wuhan, China. The disease it causes was named Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and on 11 March 2020 it was declared a pandemic. As the virus continues to spread, the number of patients worldwide has already crossed the 100 million mark with more than 2 million deaths. We sought to provide an update on the progress made in identifying the virus, its pathophysiology, risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking, as well as various methods of treatment. Our review also provided an overview of the different vaccines.

Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular disease predispose to a more severe outcome of COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: The world is currently facing the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The total number of cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rising daily and no vaccine has yet been approved. While the pathophysiology behind the virus is still being studied, many possible several risk factors using small sample sizes have been found. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a pooled analysis using several databases such as Medline, Scopus, Wangfang, Web of Science, Research Square, medrxiv, and Google Scholar to identify studies reporting severe and non-severe groups of COVID-19 patients. The odds ratios as well as the 95% confidence intervals for hypertension, diabetes, and cerebrovascular disease leading to severe COVID-19 were calculated using R-software. RESULTS: Fifty-three articles were used for our analysis and they involved 30,935 confirmed cases of COVID-19 from several countries across the world. The odds ratio for severe COVID-19 in hypertensive patients, diabetics, and patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease was 2.58 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.16-3.08, from 53 studies), 2.17 (95% CI: 1.72-2.74, from 44 studies), and 2.63 (95% CI: 1.80-3.85, from 25 studies), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis confirms that patients with hypertension, diabetes, or cerebrovascular disease are at a higher risk of a severe outcome of COVID-19. It is thus vital for physicians to identify the main risk factors for a severe outcome of this disease.

Finding a Better Solution for Asthma Control in Children.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that is very common among children. With proper management and follow-ups, this condition can be easily controlled in a child. However, there are several factors that are negatively influencing a proper care of asthmatic children throughout the world. In this mini-review, the roles of the parents, the schools and the child himself were analyzed and several possible solutions to improve those hurdles were discussed.

The Killer Virus Called Nipah: A Review.

Nipah virus (NiV) is a deadly virus with a high mortality rate that has affected many developing countries in the past. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), many economically deprived countries such as Madagascar, Cambodia, and Thailand are also at high risk for future outbreaks. The first case of NiV was reported in 1998 and almost two decades later, little scientific progress has been made in finding a proper treatment and prevention vaccine. As many developing countries are not properly equipped to fight the infection, it is vital to properly educate the health systems. The aim of this review is to provide an epidemiological background as well as to understand the transmission routes, presentation, and the diagnosis and prevention of this deadly virus.