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1.
Jpn J Infect Dis ; 2024 May 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38825456

ABSTRACT

The number of syphilis cases in Tokyo has been found to increase in recent years. We conducted a descriptive epidemiology to elucidate the actual status of syphilis. Data on age, sex, disease stage, and presumed sexual partner of syphilis cases reported in Tokyo were tabulated and analyzed. A total of 9,419 syphilis cases have been reported between 2019 and 2022. There was a particularly sharp rise in the number of reported cases from 2021 to 2022. Comparing 2020 to 2022, the number of syphilis cases among women in their 20s, rapidly increased, more than triple. Furthermore, the number of pregnant women among syphilis cases increased in 2022. Despite the rapid increase in the number of young women with syphilis, there has been no increase in cases of congenital syphilis. One of the reasons may be that syphilis was detected early in pregnancy due to the high antenatal checkup rate in Tokyo. However, the continued incidence of syphilis among young women may increase congenital syphilis in the future. Public health strategy should include educational activities targeting high-risk populations or adolescents, early and appropriate testing, and treatment for preventing progression of syphilis.

2.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37955030

ABSTRACT

The Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games (the Games) were held from 23 July to 5 September 2021 in Tokyo, Japan, after a 1-year delay due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government was responsible for monitoring and responding to infectious disease outbreaks other than COVID-19 during the Games. A multisource surveillance system was used from 1 July to 12 September 2021 for the early detection and rapid response to infectious diseases. This included routine notifiable disease surveillance, sentinel surveillance, syndromic surveillance, cluster surveillance, ambulance transfer surveillance and the Tokyo Infectious Alert system. Daily reports were disseminated summarizing the data collected from the multisource surveillance system. No case of infectious disease under the Tokyo Metropolitan Government system required a response during the Games. The multisource surveillance was useful for providing intelligence during the Games and, if required, could contribute to the early detection and rapid response to outbreaks during other mass gatherings. The system could be improved to overcome the challenges implied by the findings of this multisource surveillance.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Communicable Diseases , Coronavirus Infections , Sports , Humans , Tokyo/epidemiology , Local Government , Communicable Diseases/epidemiology , COVID-19/epidemiology
3.
Viruses ; 13(2)2021 01 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33573054

ABSTRACT

Recently, we experienced an outbreak of acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection between 2018 and 2020. Herein, we describe this male-dominant HAV infection outbreak observed among non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons in the northern part of Tokyo, Japan. Clinical information was collected from patient interviews and from medical record descriptions. In the present study, 21 patients were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 90.4 and 33.3% of patients were males, and men who have sex with men (MSM), respectively. The total bilirubin levels and platelet counts tended to be lower in the MSM group than in the non-MSM group. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels tended to be higher in acute liver failure (ALF) patients than in non-ALF patients. Prolonged cholestasis was observed in one patient (4.8%). We also found that 18 HAV isolates belonged to HAV subgenotype IA/subgroup 13 (S13), which clustered with the HAV isolate (KX151459) that was derived from an outbreak of HAV infection among MSM in Taiwan in 2015. Our results suggest that the application of antivirals against HAV, as well as HAV vaccines, would be useful for the treatment and prevention of severe HAV infection.


Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Hepatitis A/epidemiology , Adult , Female , Genotype , Hepatitis A/virology , Hepatitis A virus/classification , Hepatitis A virus/genetics , Hepatitis A virus/isolation & purification , Homosexuality, Male , Humans , Length of Stay , Liver Failure, Acute/epidemiology , Liver Failure, Acute/virology , Male , Middle Aged , Phylogeny , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Sexual and Gender Minorities , Tokyo/epidemiology
4.
Jpn J Infect Dis ; 73(1): 26-35, 2020 Jan 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31564695

ABSTRACT

Rotavirus A (RVA) has been detected in patients with gastroenteritis even after vaccine introduction in Japan. To investigate circulating RVA strains, RVA-positive stool specimens obtained in Tokyo in 2017 and 2018 were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. A total of 50 and 21 RVA samples were obtained in 2017 and 2018, respectively. In 2017, G2P[4] (40.0%) was the most prevalent strain, followed by G3P[8] (DS-1-like) (28.0%), G8P[8] (10.0%), G3P[8] (Wa-like) (8.0%), G9P[8]-E1 (8.0%), and mixed infection (6.0%). In 2018, G3P[8] (DS-1-like) (28.6%) and G9P[8]-E2 (28.6%) were the most prevalent strains, followed by G9P[8]-E1 (19.0%), G2P[4] (9.5%), G8P[8] (9.5%), and mixed infection (4.8%). Six G9P[8]-E2 strains detected in 2018 showed an atypical genotype constellation (G9P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E2-H1), which had not been reported previously. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that the RVA virus was generated by inter-genogroup reassortment between commonly circulating G9P[8] and G2P[4] strains in Japan. The G9P[8] strain seemed to be reassorted with only the NSP4 gene of the E2 genotype of the G2P[4] strain. Since this newly-emerged G9P[8]-E2 virus was detected in different locations in Tokyo, the virus appears to have already begun to spread to a wider area.


Subject(s)
Phylogeny , Reassortant Viruses/genetics , Rotavirus/genetics , Toxins, Biological/genetics , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics , Antigens, Viral/genetics , Capsid Proteins/genetics , Child, Preschool , Feces/virology , Gastroenteritis/virology , Genome, Viral , Genotype , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing , Humans , RNA, Viral/genetics , Reassortant Viruses/classification , Rotavirus/classification , Rotavirus Infections/virology , Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Tokyo
5.
J Med Virol ; 90(8): 1411-1417, 2018 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29667207

ABSTRACT

Several suspected cases of zoonotic transmission of group A rotavirus (RVA)-related gastroenteritis were reported previously. In August 2012, G8P[14] RVA was detected in fecal specimens from a community gastroenteritis outbreak occurring during a school trip. In this study, additional analyses were performed and it was found that this strain had the G8-P[14]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3 sequence, similar to bovine-like RVA strains. Some contamination by emesis and diarrheic feces was observed near a rest room in the lodging area. Contact history with animals was unknown in members of this school trip, and this case implied that the strain may have acquired the ability for person-to-person transmission.


Subject(s)
Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Gastroenteritis/epidemiology , Genotype , Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology , Rotavirus/classification , Rotavirus/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Community-Acquired Infections/transmission , Community-Acquired Infections/virology , Disease Transmission, Infectious , Feces/virology , Female , Gastroenteritis/virology , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Rotavirus/isolation & purification , Rotavirus Infections/transmission , Rotavirus Infections/virology , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Students , Young Adult
6.
J Med Virol ; 90(12): 1882-1887, 2018 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29603260

ABSTRACT

Asymptomatic carriers have a major influence on the spreading of norovirus infections. The objective of this study was to examine the characteristics of patients and asymptomatic carriers affected by norovirus-related community gastroenteritis outbreaks. No significant difference between the two groups was observed in terms of the number of norovirus-antibody complexes with respect to total numbers. Principal coordinates analysis of the intestinal flora based on ß-diversity analysis, revealed a different bacterial composition between patients and asymptomatic carriers, particularly regarding the genera Pseudomonas, Bacteroides, and Erwinia, as well as the Ruminococcaceae family. Although the proportional changes between these intestinal microorganisms were not sufficient to explain gastroenteritis symptoms, they represent possible markers shared by asymptomatic norovirus carriers.


Subject(s)
Antigen-Antibody Complex/analysis , Caliciviridae Infections/virology , Carrier State/virology , Dysbiosis , Gastroenteritis/virology , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Adult , Caliciviridae Infections/complications , Caliciviridae Infections/immunology , Carrier State/immunology , Feces/microbiology , Feces/virology , Gastroenteritis/complications , Gastroenteritis/immunology , Humans , Japan , Metagenome , Young Adult
8.
Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi ; 59(6): 257-264, 2018.
Article in Japanese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30626782

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a common infectious agent that causes acute hepatitis worldwide. Since the incubation period of HAV infection is about one month, it is difficult to identify the source of infection based only on medical interviews. Molecular epidemiological analysis of HAV isolated from patients can help to reveal the infection route and to identify diffuse outbreaks caused by common food vehicles. In the present study, samples were collected from 108 cases notified to the active epidemiological investigation system in Tokyo between 2016 and 2017. Samples found to be HAV-positive by semi-nested RT-PCR were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis; the results were analyzed together with the epidemiological data. HAV was detected in 99 out of 108 cases. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 99 HAV strains were divided into 91 of genotype IA, two of IB, and six of IIIA. The 91 HAV strains typed as IA were further divided into four main line-ages, IA-1, IA-2, IA-3, and IA-4, each with a unique epidemiological background. Our nucleotide sequence database of HAV and epidemiological background data will be helpful to investigate sources of infection and the epidemiology of hepatitis A cases in the future.


Subject(s)
Hepatitis A virus/classification , Hepatitis A/epidemiology , Genotype , Humans , Phylogeny , RNA, Viral , Tokyo/epidemiology
9.
Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi ; 58(4): 201-204, 2017.
Article in Japanese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28855475

ABSTRACT

During 2015-2016, we examined norovirus (NoV) RNA in swab specimens collected for investigation of suspected food poisoning outbreaks in Tokyo by real-time RT-PCR. Of 1,726 swab samples, 65 (3.8%) were NoV-positive and all positive swab samples were derived from NoV-positive outbreaks. Swab specimens were positive in 41 of 181 (22.7%) NoV outbreaks, while no positive swabs were detected in NoV-negative outbreaks. PCR fragments amplified from 32 swabs were sequenced, and all of them displayed complete homology with sequences from clinical and food samples. Though the results of swabs may be useful for determining the causative agent and infection route in some outbreaks, there was no case in which the results of swabs alone could elucidate the cause of food poisoning. Swabs may be useful in food poisoning investigations, if the results are interpreted in conjunction with epidemiological findings and clinical data. Swab samples are often collected several days after an outbreak, and the influence of disinfection should be taken into consideration. In NoV outbreaks, 55 out of 640 (8.6%) restroom swab specimens were NoV-positive whereas six of 618 (1.0%) were positive among kitchen swab specimens. In the restroom, the toilet bowl (43.6%) showed the highest positive rate and next was the toilet seat (14.5%). Additionally, NoV was detected at various sites in the restroom, including doorknob and floor. Since NoV-positive swab specimens may suggest that sanitation management is not performed properly in the facility, swab results may be utilized as a basis for hygiene guidance.


Subject(s)
Norovirus , Caliciviridae Infections , Disease Outbreaks , Foodborne Diseases , Gastroenteritis , Humans , RNA, Viral , Tokyo
10.
J Med Virol ; 89(8): 1480-1484, 2017 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28198556

ABSTRACT

The genetic characteristics of Norovirus GII.17 were evaluated. Phylogenetic analysis and comparisons of amino acid (Aa) substitutions and nonsynonymous (NS) substitutions/site/year were performed. The complete VP1 sequence of Tokyo/27-3/1976 clustered independently with GII.P17_GII.17 strains. Aa substitutions were mainly accumulated in the P2 domain. NS substitutions/site/year for Tokyo/27-3/1976 compared to Kawasaki323/2014 and Kawasaki308/2015 were 0.57 × 10-3 and 0.78 × 10-3 , respectively; for GII.4 Sydney/NSW0514/2012 compared to CHDC2094/1974 and CHDC5191/1974 were 0.93 × 10-3 and 1.06 × 10-3 , respectively. These findings imply that evolutionary diversity in the VP1 of GII.17 might be strictly constrained in contrast to that of GII.4.


Subject(s)
Evolution, Molecular , Genotype , Norovirus/classification , Norovirus/genetics , Amino Acid Substitution , Humans , Phylogeny , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid , Viral Proteins/genetics
11.
J Med Virol ; 89(2): 363-367, 2017 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27380721

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to analyze NoV GII.4 sequences from archival specimens obtained during 1975-1987 by comparing them with reference sequences. The first NoV GII.P4_GII.4 sequence was identified in 1980. NoV GII.4 collected in 1970 had a GII.P1_GII.4 sequence. These results indicate that the GII.P4_GII.4 sequence may be the result of a recombination that might have occurred around 1980. Amino acid substitutions based on this replacement were mainly accumulated in the NTPase, p22, and RdRp regions. The emergence of GII.P4_GII.4 sequence is considered to have ended the major prevalence of NoV GII.4. J. Med. Virol. 89:363-367, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Subject(s)
Caliciviridae Infections/virology , Genotype , Norovirus/classification , Norovirus/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Amino Acid Substitution , Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology , Evolution, Molecular , Humans , Molecular Epidemiology , Norovirus/isolation & purification , Recombination, Genetic , Tokyo/epidemiology
12.
Jpn J Infect Dis ; 70(2): 143-151, 2017 Mar 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27357976

ABSTRACT

We investigated the prevalence of 5 enteric viruses (norovirus [NoV], sapovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus) in archived stool specimens collected from 70 foodborne gastroenteritis outbreaks in Tokyo, Japan, which occurred from 1966 to 1983, and genetically characterized these viruses. NoV was detected in 48 (68.6%) outbreaks, while SaV, group C rotavirus (RVC), and astrovirus were detected in 1 (1.4%) outbreak each. Based on the partial capsid sequences, the detected NoVs were classified into the following genotypes: 9 in genogroup I (GI; GI.1-6, GI.8, GI.9, and GI.NA), 13 GII (GII.1-9, GII.13, GII.16, GII.17, and GII.22), and one in GIV. The oldest NoV outbreaks occurred in 1966. No predominant genotype was found. One strain, classified as GI. NA based on the N/S region sequence, was subsequently classified as GI.8 based on the complete VP1 sequence. Nine types of recombinant NoV sequences, including 7 unreported combinations, were identified. Further genetic characterization of NoV GII.17 and GII.4 demonstrated that the NoV GII.17 strains detected from 1970 to 1982 clustered independently from previously reported NoV GII.17 strains. Phylogenetic analysis, using the complete VP1 region and the P2 domain, demonstrated that NoV GII.4 strains collected between 1975 and 1980 clustered with archival strains collected in the USA in the mid-1970s. In contrast, a NoV GII.4 strain collected in 1983 formed an independent branch from reference strains collected in the mid-1970s to 2012.


Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Feces/virology , Foodborne Diseases/epidemiology , Foodborne Diseases/virology , Gastroenteritis/epidemiology , Gastroenteritis/virology , Viruses/isolation & purification , Genotype , Humans , Molecular Epidemiology , Prevalence , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Tokyo/epidemiology , Viruses/classification , Viruses/genetics
13.
Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi ; 58(6): 260-267, 2017.
Article in Japanese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29311445

ABSTRACT

In February 2017, four food poisoning outbreaks occurred in Tokyo, involving ten schools. Shredded dried laver seaweed processed by a single food manufacturer in December 2016 was provided in common for the school meals that caused all four outbreaks. Of 4,209 persons exposed, 1,193 (28.3%) had symptoms of gastroenteritis. Norovirus (NoV) GII was detected in 207 (78.1%) of 265 cases by real-time RT-PCR. Thirty-one shredded dried laver seaweed samples were examined and seven (22.6%) of them were positive for NoV GII. PCR fragments of NoV ORF1/2 junction region (302 bp) from seven shredded dried laver seaweed samples and 20 clinical samples derived from the four outbreaks were sequenced. All of them displayed complete homology, and the genotype was classified as GII.17. A nearly full-length sequence (7,420 bp) of NoV RNA derived from a case was obtained by next-generation sequencer analysis and phylogenetic analysis indicated that this strain belongs to the same cluster as Hu/GII/JP/2015/GII.P17_GII.17/Kawasaki308. Thus, our investigation elucidated that the causative agent of these four serial food poisoning outbreaks was NoV GII.17 and the infectious source was a single batch of shredded dried laver seaweed. The water activity of the shredded dried laver seaweed was found to be 0.119 to 0.129. It was epidemiologically clarified that NoV does not lose infectivity for about two months even in the dry state. We conclude that a large diffuse outbreak of food poisoning caused by NoV GII.17 contamination of shredded dried laver seaweed had occurred in Tokyo. Our elucidation of the causative agent indicated that the food poisoning outbreaks in multiple areas of Japan, including Tokyo, during January to February 2017 were caused by the same contaminated food.


Subject(s)
Caliciviridae Infections/virology , Disease Outbreaks , Food Contamination/analysis , Foodborne Diseases/virology , Lunch , Norovirus/isolation & purification , Seaweed/virology , Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology , Caliciviridae Infections/etiology , Food Analysis , Foodborne Diseases/epidemiology , Foodborne Diseases/etiology , Norovirus/classification , Norovirus/genetics , RNA, Viral/isolation & purification , Schools/statistics & numerical data , Time Factors , Tokyo/epidemiology
14.
Arch Virol ; 159(10): 2693-7, 2014 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24916054

ABSTRACT

To establish a diagnostic index for predicting enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), proviral bovine leukemia virus (BLV) copies in whole blood, lymph nodes and spleen were examined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Cattle were divided into two groups, EBL and BLV-infected, based on meat inspection data. The number of BLV copies in all specimens of EBL cattle was significantly higher than those of BLV-infected cattle (p < 0.0001), and the number of BLV copies in the lymph nodes was particularly large. Over 70 % of the superficial cervical, medial iliac and jejunal lymph nodes from EBL cattle had more than 1,000 copies/10 ng DNA, whereas lymph nodes from BLV-infected cattle did not. These findings suggest that the cattle harboring more than 1,000 BLV copies may be diagnosed with EBL.


Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/virology , Enzootic Bovine Leukosis/virology , Leukemia Virus, Bovine/genetics , Lymph Nodes/virology , Viral Load/genetics , Animals , Cattle , DNA, Viral/genetics , Enzootic Bovine Leukosis/pathology , Leukemia Virus, Bovine/pathogenicity , Leukemia Virus, Bovine/physiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Virus Latency
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