ABSTRACT
Long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE1, L1) is a retrotransposon comprising ~17% of the human genome. A subset of L1s maintains the potential to mobilize and alter the genomic landscape, consequently contributing to the change in genome integrity and gene expression. L1 retrotransposition occurs in the human brain regardless of disease status. However, in the brain of patients with various brain diseases, the expression level and copy number of L1 are significantly increased. In this review, we briefly introduce the methodologies applied to measure L1 mobility and identify genomic loci where new insertion of L1 occurs in the brain. Then, we present a list of genes disrupted by L1 transposition in the genome of patients with brain disorders. Finally, we discuss the association between genes disrupted by L1 and relative brain disorders.
ABSTRACT
We report two-photon Lysotrackers (CLT-blue and CLT-yellow) that can be excited by 750-840 nm femtosecond laser pulses and emit at 470 and 550 nm, respectively. They can be easily loaded into cells and tissue slices for visualization of lysosomes in live cells and tissues for a long period of time through two-photon microscopy. When combined with appropriate two-photon probes for other biological targets, these novel probes would greatly facilitate the two-photon microscopy colocalization experiments.
Subject(s)
Amines/chemistry , Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry , Molecular Imaging/methods , Photons , Amines/analysis , Amines/chemical synthesis , Animals , Fluorescent Dyes/analysis , Fluorescent Dyes/chemical synthesis , Hippocampus/cytology , RatsABSTRACT
In this paper, we have investigated the size effect of nano scale PRAM using three-dimensional finite element analysis tool. The reset current and temperature profile of PRAM cells with top and bottom electrode contact hole size were calculated by the numerical method. And temperature profile of PRAM unit cell with size and thickness of GST thin film was simulated. As top electrode contact size was smaller, reset current decreased. But these variations couldn't affect to operate memory. On the other hand, as bottom electrode contact size was smaller, reset current abruptly decreased.
