[Differentiation of Amanita hemibapha (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. subsp. hemibapha and Amanita hemibapha var. ochracea Zhu L. Yang by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy].

In order to demonstrate the ability of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for the differentiation of macro-fungi at variety level, FTIR spectroscopy was used to obtain vibrational spectra of Amanita hemibapha (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. subsp. hemibapha and Amanita hemibapha var. ochracea Zhu L. Yang. The results show that their spectra are very similar to each other, with a small difference in the relative intensity of absorbance. For the purpose of enhancing the spectral resolution and amplifying the differences, the first-derivative spectra and second-derivative spectra were selected for evaluating the correlation coefficients respectively. The results show that the second-derivative spectra of two fruit bodies of Amanita hemibapha (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. subsp. hemibapha and one fruit body of Amanita hemibapha var. ochracea Zhu L. Yang have obvious differences, the correlation coefficients are only 0.245 and 0.356 respectively, the second-derivative spectra of two fruit bodies of Amanita hemibapha (Berk. &Broome) Sacc. subsp. hemibapha are very similar, and the correlation coefficient is 0.865. The authors' results show that Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in combination with correlation analysis method can be used to identify Amanita hemibapha (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. subsp. hemibapha and Amanita hemibapha var. ochracea Zhu L. Yang rapidly and accurately.

[Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of Coprinus comatus].

In the paper, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to study the fruiting body of wild growing and cultivated Coprinus comatus and the cap of the mushroom before and after deliquescing into inky liquid. The results show that the infrared spectra of Coprinus comatus are mainly composed of the absorption bands of protein and polysaccharide. Remarkable differences are observed in the absorption bands of polysaccharide between the spectra of the wild growing and cultivated mushrooms, by which the wild growing and cultivated Coprinus comatus can be discriminated. It was also found that the absorption bands of polysaccharide become weaker obviously in the black-inky samples of deliquescing cap compared with the un-deliquescing cap, indicating that the polysaccharides in the cap of Coprinus comatus are transformed during the process of cap deliquescing into a black, inky liquid. The spectral results can offer useful information for a further study of Coprinus comatus.

[Investigation of Amanitaceae mushrooms by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy].

In the present paper, FTIR was used for obtaining vibrational spectra of untreated Amanitaceae mushrooms harvested in the mountains of Yunnan province, Southwest of China. The results show that the spectra of fruiting body and spore exhibit obvious differences. In the spectra of fruiting body, the strongest absorption band appears at about 1 655 cm(-1), which is described as amide I. There are two strong absorption bands at 1 077 and 1 042 cm(-1) which are assigned to C-O stretching in carbohydrate. The vibrational spectra indicate that the main compositions of the Amanitaceae mushrooms are protein and carbohydrate. The spectrum of spore of Amanita fritillaria shows strong bands at 2 926, 2 855 and 1 747 cm(-1), which can be assigned to the absorption of lipids. The spectra of fruiting body exhibit complicated patterns in the interval between 1 800 and 750 cm(-1), which may be used to discriminate different species of Amanitaceae mushrooms. In addition, FTIR spectral differences were observed between different parts of Amanita manginiana. The result suggests that the chemical constituents are various in different parts of fruiting bodies. It is showed that FTIR spectroscopic method is a valuable tool for rapid and nondestructive identification of Amanita mushrooms.

[Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of truffles].

Truffles, which belong to ascomycetes, are rare wild growing edible mushrooms; their fruit body contains high nutritive value composition, and their polysaccharide constituents have potential medical applications. In the present paper, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used for obtaining vibrational spectra of mushrooms of truffles growing in mountains of Yunnan province, southwest China. The results show that the mushrooms exhibit characteristic spectra. The two strongest absorption bands appear at about 1 077 and 1 042 cm(-1), respectively. The spectra exhibit complicated patterns between 1200 and 750 cm(-1), which may be used as fingerprints to discriminate different species of truffles. Great changes were also found between mold and healthy truffles, showing major differences observed in the bands of protein. In addition, some vibrational-spectrum differences were observed among the same species of truffles from different growing areas. It is showed that FTIR can provide valuable information about the chemical constituents of intact truffles prior to any extraction method is used.

[Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of different parts of wild growing edible mushrooms].

In this paper, vibrational spectra of different parts of fruiting bodies of wild growing mushrooms were recorded with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. It was different for the spectra of cap skin, gill, cap meat and stem of the same mushroom. The great differences were found between cap skin and other parts of the same mushrooms of Russula virescens and Russula rubra, whereas the spectra of mushroom Termitomyces albuminosus show greated differences between gill and other parts. These indicate variety in the chemical composition of different parts of the same fruiting body. The results suggest that the mushrooms could be identified at the species level by comparison of the vibrational spectra of different parts of fruiting bodies of mushrooms.

[Identification of edible mushrooms by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy].

In this paper, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify edible mushrooms belonging to Auriculariales, Aphyllophorales, and Agaricales of Basidiomycotina. Vibrational spectra of fruiting bodies of ten species belonging to nine different genera of mushrooms (one is cultivated, and the others are wild growing) were recorded. The spectra were divided into five regions, i.e. 3 050 to 2 800 cm(-1), 1 750 to 1 500 cm(-1), 1 500 to 1 200 cm(-1), 1 200 to 950 cm(-1), and 950 to 700 cm(-1). These regions contain characteristic bands among different mushrooms. According to the characteristic bands in the five regions, different species of mushrooms can be identified. Vibrational spectra in the interval between 950 and 700 cm(-1) could serve as fingerprints to discriminate different genera of mushrooms.