A Study on the Structural Relationships between COVID-19 Coping Strategies, Positive Expectations, and the Behavioral Intentions of Various Tourism-Related Behaviors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of coping strategies, attitudes, and positive anticipated emotions on the positive expectations and behavioral intentions of Korean tourists during the COVID-19 pandemic. An integrated model was proposed and tested, and the results indicate that effective coping strategies, attitudes, and positive anticipated emotions have a positive effect on the positive expectations of tourism during the pandemic, which in turn positively influences behavioral intentions. Practical suggestions were also provided based on the findings. This research has implications for understanding the ways in which individuals cope with and adapt to travel during times of crisis, and for identifying strategies that may facilitate positive expectations and behavioral intentions in the tourism industry.

Structural Relationships among Strategic Experiential Modules, Motivation, Serious Leisure, Satisfaction and Quality of Life in Bicycle Tourism.

It seems that people's quality of life can be positively influenced through bicycle tourism. Bicycle tourism can be an effective measure to enhance serious leisure, tourism satisfaction, and quality of life. To verify this empirically, a survey was conducted of bicycle tourists who visited Qinghai Lake in China during an international road bike race. The purpose of the present research is to prove the association between latent variables related to bicycle tourism through statistical analysis. For this, hypothetical relationships based on tourism motivation, serious leisure, tourism satisfaction, and quality of life were presented as research models. As a result of empirical analysis, it was analyzed that friends and nature had an effect on serious leisure among the motivation of bicycle tourism. In addition, it was found that the level of serious leisure for bicycle tourism exerted a positive influence on the satisfaction and quality of life. This suggests that bicycle tourism can improve the quality of life during travel to Qinghai lake by bicycle and revealed the crucial role in relationships is serious leisure.

Korean Domestic Tourists' Decision-Making Process under Threat of COVID-19.

The purpose of this study is to build a theoretical framework to explain Korean domestic tourists' decision-making process under COVID-19 by applying an extended model of goal-directed behavior. The role of positive expectation of COVID-19, the effect of mass media, and perception of government policy were considered as new variables in the process of tourism decision-making. The results of this present study show that positive and negative anticipated emotion, positive expectation, and the frequency of past behavior positively influence the desire for travel domestically within the next three months, while the effect of mass media negatively affected the desire for travel domestically within the next three months. Two anticipated emotions and positive expectations were positive antecedents of the desire for travel domestically within this year. The anticipated emotions and the effect of mass media affected the desire to travel domestically next year. The results of this tourist's decision-making research will offer government, the tourism sector, and policy decision-makers better insights for establishing tourism policy responses and create safe destinations to help an adequate recovery and development of the tourism industry.

Understanding Tourist Behavioural Intention When Faced with Smog Pollution: Focus on International Tourists to Beijing.

This study examines the behavioural intentions of international tourists travelling to Beijing when faced with smog pollution. An extended MGB (model of goal-directed behaviour) was employed as the theoretical framework by integrating mass-media effect and perception of smog. The role of mass-media effect and perception of smog were considered as new variables in the international tourist's decision-making process for travel to Beijing. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed to identify the structural relationships among research variables. Our research results showed a strong correlation between positive anticipated emotion and desire. The mass-media effect is a significant (direct) predictor of both the perception of smog and behavioural intention. The Chinese government could attach great importance to the mass-media effect to reduce the negative impact caused by smog pollution on inbound tourism.

Determinants of Consumers' Online/Offline Shopping Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc in Korean society since the end of 2019. Unlike prior to the pandemic, when online and offline activities were conducted side-by-side, many aspects of consumers' daily lives are only conducted online, especially shopping and meetings. This study analysed the characteristics of consumers who have used offline shopping channels during the pandemic. In addition, participants were asked how often they will use online and offline shopping channels after society stabilizes from COVID-19 in order to analyse what determinants will be used to select either online or offline shopping channels after the pandemic. This study will contribute to provide a deeper understanding of the consumption patterns of consumers (online vs. offline) during times of deep external impact, such as a pandemic.

A Study on the Causal Process of Virtual Reality Tourism and Its Attributes in Terms of Their Effects on Subjective Well-Being during COVID-19.

In the landscape of Covid-19 pandemic, people's well-being, to some extent, can be affected through virtual reality tourism because it has the opportunity to enhance their level of well-being and destination recovery. To verify this empirically an investigation was conducted among people who used Quanjingke, the largest tourism-related virtual reality website in China, during the pandemic. The specific the aim of this paper is to prove the effectiveness of virtual reality tourism in promoting people's subjective well-being. Hence, an integrated model with the constructs of peripheral attribute, core attribute and pivotal attribute, presence, perceived value, satisfaction, and subjective well-being was proposed and tested. The results indicate that attributes of virtual reality tourism have a positive effect on presence during virtual reality experiences, which positively influences perceived value. The values of virtual reality tourism perceived by tourists result in their satisfaction. Eventually, it was found that tourists' subjective well-being is improved due to their satisfaction with virtual reality tourism. Practical suggestions are also provided based on the findings.

The Effect of Smog-Related Factors on Korean Domestic Tourists' Decision-Making Process.

The present study aims to explore Korean domestic tourists' decision-making processes by utilizing an extended model of goal-directed behavior (EMGB) as a theoretical framework. Integrating government policy (PLY) and protection motivation for smog (PMS) with the original model of goal-directed behavior (MGB) makes it easier to better understand the formation process of tourists' behavioral intentions for domestic travel. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is employed to identify the structural relationships among the latent variables. The results of the EMGB indicated that desire had the strongest effect on the behavioral intention of tourists to travel domestically; positive anticipated emotion is the main source of desire, followed by negative anticipated emotion. Government PLY on smog has a significant, positive and indirect effect on behavioral intentions of domestic or potential tourists through the protection motive theory. We found that desires are verified as a determinant of the behavioral intention's formation, more significant than that of perceived behavioral control, frequency of past behavior and protection motivation. In addition, this study offers theoretical and practical suggestions.

The role of responsible gambling strategy and gambling passion in the online gamblers' decision-making process: revising the theory of planned behavior.

This study revised the theory of planned behavior (TPB) by incorporating the new concepts of gambling passion and responsible gambling strategy (RGS) to predict gamblers' intention to gamble in online sports betting. The data were collected at the end of March in 2012 through an online gambling website. The findings indicated that the inclusion of two types of gambling passion and two types of RGS explains online gambling intention well. Specifically, out of the original antecedent predictors of TPB, attitude toward online gambling was positively related to harmonious passion. Subjective norm had a positive relationship with both harmonious and obsessive passion. The results also showed that perceived behavioral control does not have a significant effect on the two gambling passions but has a direct and significant influence on behavioral intention. Additionally, the compulsory RGS had a negative effect on obsessive passion, whereas supplementary RGS had concurrent positive impacts on harmonious and obsessive passion. Lastly, the two gambling passions were notable predictors of behavioral intention toward online sports betting.

The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions for 2009 H1N1 influenza on travel intentions: A model of goal-directed behavior.

Theoretically, in the tourism context this study introduced a new concept of non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) for influenza, and tested the impact of NPI on the behavioral intention of potential international tourists. This study also extended the model of goal-directed behavior (MGB) by incorporating the new concepts of NPI, and the perception of 2009 H1N1. The model found that desire, perceived behavioral control, frequency of past behavior, and non-pharmaceutical interventions predicted tourists' intention but perceptions of 2009 H1N1 had nil effect on desire and intention. Personal non-pharmaceutical interventions were theorized as adaptive behavior of tourists intending to travel during a pandemic which should be supported by tourism operators on a system-wide basis. Practically, this study dealt with the issue of influenza 2009 H1N1 with the study findings and implications providing government agencies, tourism marketers, policy-makers, transport systems, and hospitality services with important suggestions for NPI and international tourism during pandemics.

The forecasting of International Expo tourism using quantitative and qualitative techniques.

This study predicts the number of visitors to an international tourism Expo to be held in Korea in 2012, an unprecedented event for the host city. Forecasting demand for such a mega-event has received only limited attention in the literature. Unlike most studies forecasting international tourism demand, forecasting Expo demand involves using both quantitative forecasting models and qualitative technique because of data limitations. Combining quantitative techniques with willingness-to-visit (WTV) surveys predicts the Expo demand at 8.9 million visitors. In comparison using the Delphi method, experts predict Expo demand at 6.8 million visitors. For this study, the Delphi method provides more conservative estimates than estimates from combining quantitative techniques with WTV. Policy implications presented are directed toward Expo planners and practitioners in terms of demand and supply side, application of these results in the decision-making process, and future challenges surrounding demand forecasting.