24-H movement behaviors and physical fitness in preschoolers: A compositional and isotemporal reallocation analysis.

Background/Objectives: This study examined the relationships between 24-h movement behaviors and physical fitness (PF) in preschool children. Methods: The study was conducted on 474 children aged 3-6 years in Zhuhai. Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) were collected by the accelerometer, and sleep time was assessed through the parent-report questionnaire. Balance, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), flexibility, muscle strength, muscular endurance, and speed-agility were measured using a balance beam test, 20 m shuttle run test, sit and reach test, handgrip test, sit-ups, and 4 × 10 m shuttle run test respectively. The compositional data analysis was used to examine the association between 24-h movement behaviors and PF, and the compositional isotemporal substitution analysis was used for the time reallocation. Results: The daily composition, adjusted for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI), was significantly associated with CRF (p < 0.001, r2 = 0.20), flexibility (p < 0.001, r2 = 0.07), muscular strength (p < 0.001, r2 = 0.37), muscular endurance (p < 0.001, r2 = 0.26), and speed-agility (p < 0.001, r2 = 0.26). The addition of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) at the expense of SB and sleep, MVPA at the cost of sleep, was associated with significant muscular strength and speed-agility improvements respectively. The impact of SB and sleep replacing MVPA is stronger than MVPA replacing SB and sleep on muscular strength. Conclusion: These findings offer useful insight for the replacement of movement behaviors within the recommended range to facilitate PF development in early childhood.

24-Hour movement behaviors and executive functions in preschoolers: A compositional and isotemporal reallocation analysis.

This cross-sectional study explored the relationship between 24-hour movement behaviors and executive function (EF) in preschool children. A total of 426 Han Chinese preschoolers (231 males; 3.8 ± 0.6 years old) from Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China were selected from October 2021 to December 2021. Accelerometers were used to measure physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB), while sleep duration was obtained via a parent-report questionnaire. Components of EF (cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory) were assessed using computerized behavioral tasks. The daily composition was significantly associated with inhibitory control and working memory. Inhibitory control improvements were linked to the addition of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at the expense of SB and sleep. The reallocation between MVPA, SB, sleep, and light physical activity yielded a significant association with working memory.

Prospective association between 24-hour movement behaviors and mental health among overweight/obese college students: a compositional data analysis approach.

Background: 24-h movement behaviors, including light physical activity (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), screen-based sedentary behavior (SSB), non-screen-based sedentary behavior (NSB) and sleep are crucial components affecting mental health. This study aimed to examine the associations of movement behaviors with mental health outcomes among overweight/obese college students using a compositional data analysis approach. Methods: Using a prospective design, 437 Chinese college students (20.1 ± 1.7 years, 51.7% female) completed a two-wave online data collection, where demographics and movement behaviors (LPA, MVPA, SSB, NSB, sleep) were collected at baseline, while depression, anxiety and stress were measured at the 2-month follow-up (Apr-Jul 2022). Compositional data analyses were implemented using R. Results: Depression, anxiety, and stress were negatively associated with time spent in MVPA and sleep (p < 0.001) and positively associated with time spent in SSB and NSB (p < 0.001). Reallocating 15 min to MVPA from LPA, SSB and NSB predicted improvements in depression (LPA: -0.234 unit; SSB: -0.375 unit; NSB: -0.249 unit), anxiety (LPA: -0.092 unit; SSB: -0.284 unit; NSB: -0.165 unit), and stress (LPA: -0.083 unit; SSB: -0.312 unit; NSB: -0.191 unit). For dose-response relationships of 5-55 min isotemporal substitution, when time was reallocated to MVPA from LPA, NSB, and SSB, the estimated detriments to mental health were larger in magnitude than the estimated benefits of time reallocation from MVPA to LPA, NSB, and SSB. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of participating in MVPA to improve mental health in overweight/obese college students during the post-COVID-19 era. The compositional analysis produced clear targets for the time allocation of these behaviors for future interventions and policymaking.

Do acute and chronic physical activity interventions affect the cognitive function of preschool children? A meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis aims to investigate the effects of acute and chronic physical activity (PA) interventions on multiple domains of cognitive function (CF) in preschool children. Electronic databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Embase, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and ERIC) were searched for relevant studies between January 2000 and February 2022. Studies that examined the effects of acute or chronic physical activity interventions on CF in preschool children aged 2-6 years were included. A total of 16 articles were eligible for this meta-analysis. Results showed that there was no effect of acute PA interventions on CF (Hedges' g = 0.04; 95% CI = -0.12, 0.19). Chronic PA interventions had a moderate and positive effect on overall CF (Hedges' g = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.29, 0.69), a large effect on perception (Hedges' g = 1.19; 95% CI = 0.64, 1.75), and a moderate effect on inhibitory control (Hedges' g = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.22, 1.24). The moderator analyses showed that overall CF performance was significantly moderated by intervention modality and assessment of cognitive outcomes, and no other moderator (study design, sample size, frequency, duration, and session length) was found to have an effect. Chronic PA intervention might be a promising way to promote multiple aspects of CF, especially executive function and perception. Future studies should explore the effect of different intensities of PA on the CF of preschool children to discern the most effective PA prescription to, in turn, enhance the CF of preschool children.

Impact of the eco-efficiency of food production on the water-land-food system coordination in China: A discussion of the moderation effect of environmental regulation.

The coordination of the water-land-food ("WLF") system is an essential guarantee for ecologically sustainable food production. Based on the perspective of symbiosis theory, we explore practical strategies for enhancing WLF system coordination in China. First, we applied the entropy TOPSIS method to measure WLF system coordination. Second, we used the global-Malmquist-Luenberger ("GML") index to calculate the eco-efficiency of food production. Third, we used the panel Tobit model to empirically explore the improvement path of WLF system coordination and test the moderating role of environmental regulation. Our research has led to the following five conclusions: (i) From 2003 to 2019, the coordination level of the WLF system in all regions of China showed a decreasing trend followed by an increasing trend, with the highest in the Northeast (0.380). The eco-efficiency of food production showed an upward trend in general, with the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (2.101) and the northeastern region (1.888) at a higher level nationwide; (ii) The eco-efficiency of food production does effectively promote WLF system coordination, but with a specific time lag; (iii) The regression results of northern China and major grain-producing areas are consistent with the whole sample. However, the eco-efficiency of food production and its lagging term in southern regions and nonmajor grain-producing regions cannot effectively promote WLF system coordination; (iv) According to the quantile regression results, the promotion of eco-efficiency in food production is more pronounced in regions with higher WLF system coordination (at the 50 %-90 % quantile); and (v) Environmental regulation has a positive moderating effect on the ecological efficiency of food production on the coherence of the WLF system. Moreover, the regression results of grouping moderation show that environmental regulations can play a more vital, positive moderating role in the lower regions compared with higher WLF system coordination regions. Our research innovatively explores the influencing factors of WLF System Coordination. Our research also provides a reference for the formulation of food ecological planting strategies and government environmental regulation policies.

Oleic acid-induced steatosis model establishment in LMH cells and its effect on lipid metabolism.

Hepatic steatosis is a highly prevalent liver disease, yet research on it is hampered by the lack of tractable cellular models in poultry. To examine the possibility of using organoids to model steatosis and detect it efficiently in leghorn male hepatocellular (LMH) cells, we first established steatosis using different concentrations of oleic acid (OA) (0.05-0.75 mmol/L) for 12 or 24 h. The subsequent detections found that the treatment of LMH cells with OA resulted in a dramatic increase in intracellular triglyceride (TG) concentrations, which was positively associated with the concentration of the inducing OA (R2 > 0.9). Then, the modeled steatosis was detected by flow cytometry after NileRed staining and it was found that the intensity of NileRed-A was positively correlated with the TG concentration (R2 > 0.93), which demonstrates that the flow cytometry is suitable for the detection of steatosis in LMH cells. According to the detection results of the different steatosis models, we confirmed that the optimal induction condition for the establishment of the steatosis model in LMH cells is OA (0.375 mmol/L) incubation for 12 h. Finally, the transcription and protein content of fat metabolism-related genes in steatosis model cells were detected. It was found that OA-induced steatosis could significantly decrease the expression of nuclear receptor PPAR-γ and the synthesis of fatty acids (SREBP-1C, ACC1, FASN), increasing the oxidative decomposition of triglycerides (CPT1A) and the assembly of low-density lipoproteins (MTTP, ApoB). Sterol metabolism in model cells was also significantly enhanced (HMGR, ABCA1, L-BABP). This study established, detected, and analyzed an OA-induced steatosis model in LMH cells, which provides a stable model and detection method for the study of poultry steatosis-related diseases.

The impact of the creative performance of agricultural heritage systems on tourists' cultural identity: A dual perspective of knowledge transfer and novelty perception.

Tourism in the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) is critical to the inheritance and innovation of excellent traditional farming cultures. Based on social identity theory, this paper explored the process by which agricultural heritage systems' creative performance influences tourists' cultural identity through 406 questionnaires from Chinese tourists. The results indicate that creative performance affects tourists' cultural identity through a dual perspective of knowledge transfer and novelty perception. Furthermore, perceived authenticity acts as a moderator, weakening the impact of creative performance on tourists' knowledge transfer, while perceived authenticity does not affect the process of tourists' novelty perception. This research provides a fresh perspective on the sustainable development of agricultural heritage tourism. Meanwhile, it offers theoretical foundations and practical inspirations for the development of agricultural heritage's creative tourism.

Age-dependence of hypervirulent fowl adenovirus type 4 pathogenicity in specific-pathogen-free chickens.

Hypervirulent fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (hvFAdV-4) has emerged as a major pathogen of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) with increased mortality in chickens, resulting in economic losses to the Chinese poultry industry since June 2015. Here, we isolated a hypervirulent FAdV-4 (hvFAdV-4) strain (designated GD616) from 25-day-old meat-type chickens with severe HHS in Guangdong Province China in June 2017. The whole genome of the strain GD616 shares high homology with those in the recently-reported hvFAdV-4 isolates in China, with natural deletions of ORF19 and ORF27. A comparative analysis of Hexon and Fiber-2 proteins revealed that 2 unique amino acid residues at positions 378 and 453 of the Fiber-2 protein might be associated with virulence due to their occurrences in all the hvFAdV-4 isolates only. To systemically evaluate the effect of age on the susceptibility of chickens to hvFAdV-4, we used this hvFAdV-4 strain to intramuscularly inoculate 7- to 180-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens for the evaluation of pathogenicity. These results showed that the pathogenicity of the hvFAdV-4 strain GD616 to chickens exhibited age-relatedness, with younger than 59-day-old chickens showing 100% morbidity and mortality, while 180-day-old chickens still exhibited a hydropericardium syndrome-like clinicopathology with 60% morbidity and 20% mortality. These findings enrich the current available knowledge regarding the pathogenicity of the hypervirulent FAdV-4 virus in chickens with a wide range of ages, which assists with the selection of suitable-aged chickens for the evaluation of hvFAdV-4 vaccines.

ITRAQ-based quantitative proteomics reveals the first proteome profiles of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type 3.

Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) infection induces porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive failure, and multisystemic inflammatory lesions in piglets and sows. To better understand the host responses to PCV3 infection, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling combined with LC-MS/MS analysis was used for quantitative determination of differentially regulated cellular proteins in the lungs of specific-pathogen-free piglets after 4 weeks of PCV3 infection. Totally, 3429 proteins were detected in three independent mass spectrometry analyses, of which 242 differential cellular proteins were significantly regulated, consisting of 100 upregulated proteins and 142 downregulated proteins in PCV3-infected group relative to control group. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these higher or lower abundant proteins involved primarily metabolic processes, innate immune response, MHC-I and MHC-II components, and phagosome pathways. Ten genes encoding differentially regulated proteins were selected for investigation via real-time RT-PCR. The expression levels of six representative proteins, OAS1, Mx1, ISG15, IFIT3, SOD2, and HSP60, were further confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. This study attempted for the first time to investigate the protein profile of PCV3-infected piglets using iTRAQ technology; our findings provide valuable information to better understand the mechanisms underlying the host responses to PCV3 infection in piglets. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study identified differentially abundant proteins related to a variety of potential signaling pathways in the lungs of PCV3-infected piglets. These findings provide valuable information to better understand the mechanisms of host responses to PCV3 infection.

Seneca valley virus activates autophagy through the PERK and ATF6 UPR pathways.

Diverse effects on autophagy, a cell degradation pathway, have been associated with the infectious mechanisms of different pathogens. Here, we demonstrated that Seneca valley virus (SVV), an important emerging porcine virus characterized by vesicular lesions and neonatal mortality, can induce autophagy in cultured PK-15 and BHK-21 cells by detecting autophagosome formation, GFP-LC3 puncta and accumulation of LC3-II proteins. Treatment with pharmacological inducers/inhibitors and small interfering RNA sequences targeting genes critical for autophagosome formation affected autophagy induction and viral yields. SVV induced a complete autophagic process to enhance its replication. The PERK and ATF6 pathways, two components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-related unfolded protein response (UPR), were also activated in SVV-infected cells and downregulation of their expression suppressed SVV-induced autophagy and viral yields. Overall, these results reveal that SVV induces autophagy in cultured cells through the PERK and ATF6 pathways, thereby contributing to understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying SVV pathogenesis.

Induction of Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome in Piglets by Infection with Porcine Circovirus Type 3.

Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is an emerging porcine circovirus that has been associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like clinical signs, reproductive failure, cardiac pathologies, and multisystemic inflammation in piglets and sows. Many aspects of PCV3 infection biology and pathogenesis, however, remain unknown. Here, we used a PCV3 virus stock from the rescue of an infectious PCV3 DNA clone to intranasally inoculate 4- and 8-week-old specific-pathogen-free piglets for evaluation of PCV3 pathogenesis. For 4-week-old piglets, typical clinical signs resembling those of PDNS-like disease were observed when piglets were inoculated with PCV3 alone or PCV3 combined with immunostimulation by keyhole limpet hemocyanin, with a mortality of 40% (2/5) for both types of inoculated piglets during a 28-day observation period postinoculation. Both types of inoculated piglets showed similar progressive increases in viral loads in the sera and had seroconverted to PCV3 capsid antibody after inoculation. Pathological lesions and PCV3-specific antigen were detected in various tissues and organs, including the lung, heart, kidney, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and small intestine, in both types of inoculated piglets. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß), IL-6, IL-23α, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), were significantly upregulated in both groups of inoculated piglets. Eight-week-old piglets also exhibited a similar PDNS-like disease but without death after PCV3 inoculation, as evidenced by pathological lesions and PCV3 antigen in various tissues and organs. These results show for the first time successful reproduction of PDNS-like disease by PCV3 infection and further provide significant information regarding the pathogenesis of PCV3 in piglets.IMPORTANCE Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), an emerging porcine circovirus, is considered the cause of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like clinical signs and other systemic diseases in piglets and sows. To evaluate the pathogenesis of PCV3 infection in vivo, we used a PCV3 virus stock from the rescue of an infectious PCV3 DNA clone to intranasally inoculate 4- and 8-week-old specific-pathogen-free piglets and demonstrated successful reproduction of PDNS-like disease in animals that were inoculated with PCV3 alone or PCV3 combined with immunostimulation by keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Both 4- and 8-week-old PCV3-inoculated piglets showed similar increases in viral loads in the sera and had seroconverted to PCV3 capsid antibody. Pathological lesions and PCV3-specific antigen were detected in various tissues and organs, while numerous proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the sera were significantly upregulated after PCV3 inoculation. These results will provide significant information regarding the pathogenesis of PCV3 in piglets.