Hamatopeduncularia Yamaguti, 1953 (Monogenea: Ancylodiscoididae) from catfish off Peninsular Malaysia: Description of two new species and insights on the genus.

Hamatopeduncularia longiangusticirrata sp. nov. and H. petalumvaginata sp. nov. were collected from Arius maculatus and Nemapteryx caelata, respectively from Tanjung Karang, Peninsular Malaysia. Morphological and molecular investigations were carried out to ascertain the identity of the new species. The two new species differ from previously described Hamatopeduncularia species in the morphology of the male and female reproductive organs. Hamatopeduncularia longiangusticirrata sp. nov. possesses a long penis similar to H. elongata, H. longicopulatrix, H. brisbanensis, H. major and H. petalumvaginata sp. nov., but differs in having a thread-like tapering distal end and can be distinguished from H. brisbanensis and H. major in not having an accessory piece. Hamatopeduncularia longiangusticirrata sp. nov. is also unique in having an ornamented penis initial and a vaginal tube surrounded by fine hair-like structures. Hamatopeduncularia petalumvaginata sp. nov. possesses a simple penis without an accessory piece and a petaloid vaginal opening that resembles the arrangement of petals on a flower. Maximum likelihood trees were constructed from partial 28S and 18S rDNA sequences of the two new species and other ancylodiscoidids to reveal a strongly supported monophyletic branch consisting of the two new species for both markers. According to Lim's classification in 1996 of Hamatopeduncularia species penis type, H. petalumvaginata sp. nov. has been classified within the elegans-type and H. longiangusticirrata sp. nov. is proposed as the longiangusticirrata-type.

A new species of Haliotrema (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae (sensu lato) Bychowsky & Nagibina, 1968) from holocentrids off Langkawi Island, Malaysia with notes on the phylogeny of related Haliotrema species.

Haliotrema susanae sp. nov. is described from the gills of the pinecone soldierfish, Myripristis murdjan off Langkawi Island, Malaysia. This species is differentiated from other Haliotrema species especially those from holocentrids in having a male copulatory organ with bract-like extensions at the initial of the copulatory tube, grooved dorsal anchors and ventral anchors with longer shafts. The maximum likelihood (ML) analysis based on partial 28S rDNA sequences of H. susanae sp. nov. and 47 closely related monogeneans showed that H. susanae sp. nov. is recovered within a monophyletic clade consisting of only species from the genus Haliotrema. It is also observed that H. susanae sp. nov. forms a clade with H. cromileptis and H. epinepheli which coincides with a similar grouping by Young based on solely morphological characteristics. The morphological and molecular results validate the identity of H. susanae sp. nov. as belonging to the genus Haliotrema.

A description of two new species of Ligophorus Euzet & Suriano, (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae) from Malaysian mugilid fish using principal component analysis and numerical taxonomy.

Ligophorus belanaki n. sp. and Ligophorus kederai n. sp. are described from Liza subviridis Valenciennes, 1836 and Valamugil buchanani Bleeker, 1854, respectively. Ligophorus kederai n. sp. has fenestrated ventral anchors, while in L. belanaki n. sp. the ventral anchor is not fenestrated. Ligophorus belanaki n. sp. is similar to L. careyensis, one of its coexisting congeners, in the overall shape and size of hard parts, but differs in having a flat median piece in the structure of the AMP (antero-median protuberance of the ventral bar), copulatory organ with non-ornamented initial part and longer vaginal tube, compared to raised median piece in the AMP, ornamented initial part and comparatively shorter vaginal tube in L. careyensis. Ligophorus kederai n. sp. is similar to L. fenestrum, a coexisting congener, in having fenestrated ventral anchors, but differs in having longer points and narrower base. Ligophorus fenestrum, unlike L. kederai n. sp., also possesses fenestrated dorsal anchors. The principal component analysis (PCA) scatterplots indicate that the two new and eight known Ligophorus species from Malaysian mugilids can be differentiated based on the morphometries of their anchors, ventral bars and copulatory organ separately and when combined together. Numerical taxonomy (NT) analyses based on Jaccard's Index of Similarity and neighbour-joining clustering, is used to facilitate comparison of these two new species with the 50 known Ligophorus based on morphological and metric characters. The two new species are different from each other and the other 50 species in the overall shapes and sizes of hard parts, as indicated by the NT analyses.

Autonomic dysfunction in different subtypes of post-acute ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVES: Central autonomic impairment is frequent in ischemic stroke at acute or chronic stages. The mechanism by which these symptoms occur in patients with ischemic stroke has not been elucidated. This study sought to investigate cardiovascular autonomic function in patients with different subtypes of post-acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: 77 ischemic stroke patients [50 patients with large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA) and 27 patients with small-vessel occlusion (SVO), average 6 months after stroke onset] and 37 elderly controls were recruited. All performed Ewing's battery autonomic function tests and power spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). RESULTS: Stroke patients with both LAA and SVO had significantly lower low frequency power spectral density than controls. The prevalence of autonomic dysfunction in both groups (82.0% patients with LAA and 63.0% with SVO) was higher than that in controls (21.6%). Patients with LAA showed impairment of all parasympathetic tests (all P<0.05) and one of the sympathetic tests (mean fall in systolic blood pressure on standing: P = 0.058) and those with SVO only showed impairment in two parasympathetic tests (heart rate response to deep breathing: P = 0.010; heart rate response to standing: P = 0.004) in comparison with controls. Patients with LAA had significantly more impairment than those with SVO in some autonomic parameters (Valsalva ratio: P = 0.039; mean fall in systolic blood pressure on standing: P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of the subtype of the ischemia, post-acute stroke patients showed a parasympathetic cardiac deficit. Additionally, parasympathetic and sympathetic cardiovascular modulations were more severely impaired in patients with LAA.

Autonomic dysfunction in ischemic stroke with carotid stenosis.

OBJECTIVES: Impaired autonomic function is common in acute ischemic stroke. Previous limited studies have suggested that atherosclerosis may affect the distensibility of the carotid sinus and then impair the cardiovascular autonomic function. This study sought to investigate cardiovascular autonomic function in patients with ischemic stroke with carotid stenosis. METHODS: Eighty-five patients with ischemic stroke (58 ones without carotid stenosis and 27 ones with carotid stenosis, average 6 months after stroke onset) and 37 elderly controls were recruited. All performed Ewing's battery autonomic function tests. RESULTS: From Ewing's battery of autonomic function tests, atypical, definite, or severe autonomic dysfunction was identified in 69.0% patients without carotid stenosis and 88.9% with carotid stenosis, with significant difference between the two groups, and the prevalence of autonomic dysfunction in both groups was higher than that in controls (21.6%). Patients with carotid stenosis showed impairment of all parasympathetic tests (all P < 0.05) and one of the sympathetic tests [Mean fall in systolic blood pressure (BP) on standing: P = 0.051], and those without carotid stenosis only showed impairment in two parasympathetic tests (Valsalva ratio: P = 0.014; heart rate response to deep breathing: P < 0.001) in comparison with controls. Patients with carotid stenosis had significantly more impairment than those without carotid stenosis in some autonomic parameters (Valsalva ratio: P < 0.05; mean fall in systolic BP on standing: P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular autonomic function is impaired in patients with ischemic stroke, but patients with carotid stenosis show more severely impaired parasympathetic and sympathetic functions.

Vitamin B12 deficiency--need for a new guideline.

OBJECTIVES: Many patients with vitamin B12 deficiency do not have anemia or macrocytosis, but the prevalence of B12 deficiency in patients without macrocytosis is not known. METHODS: We investigated the prevalence of B12 deficiency among patients with normocytosis and microcytosis and recommended a screening strategy. All patients (n = 3714) with serum B12 measured at the Prince of Wales Hospital in 1996 were reviewed. The prevalence of serum B12 less than 140 pmol/L was determined for the following patient subgroups: younger than 70 y, older than 70 y, anemic, non-anemic, macrocytic, normocytic, microcytic, documented iron deficiency, and documented thalassemia. RESULTS: The prevalence of B12 deficiency (<140 pmol/L) ranged from 4.8% to 9.8% among the different subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Whatever screening criteria were used, a significant number of B12-deficient patients will be missed. Therefore, there may be a case for universal vitamin B12 screening.