Integrated genomic characterization of IDH1-mutant glioma malignant progression.

Gliomas represent approximately 30% of all central nervous system tumors and 80% of malignant brain tumors. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the malignant progression of low-grade gliomas with mutations in IDH1 (encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase 1), we studied paired tumor samples from 41 patients, comparing higher-grade, progressed samples to their lower-grade counterparts. Integrated genomic analyses, including whole-exome sequencing and copy number, gene expression and DNA methylation profiling, demonstrated nonlinear clonal expansion of the original tumors and identified oncogenic pathways driving progression. These include activation of the MYC and RTK-RAS-PI3K pathways and upregulation of the FOXM1- and E2F2-mediated cell cycle transitions, as well as epigenetic silencing of developmental transcription factor genes bound by Polycomb repressive complex 2 in human embryonic stem cells. Our results not only provide mechanistic insight into the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms driving glioma progression but also identify inhibition of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family as a potential therapeutic approach.

The in vivo efficacy and side effect pharmacology of GS-5759, a novel bifunctional phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor and long-acting ß 2-adrenoceptor agonist in preclinical animal species.

Bronchodilators are a central therapy for symptom relief in respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, with inhaled ß 2-adrenoceptor agonists and anticholinergics being the primary treatments available. The present studies evaluated the in vivo pharmacology of (R)-6-[[3-[[4-[5-[[2-Hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethyl]amino]pent-1-ynyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]phenyl]sulfonyl]-4-[(3-methoxyphenyl)amino]-8-methylquinoline-3-carboxamide (GS-5759), a novel bifunctional compound with both phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor and long-acting ß 2-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) activity, which has been optimized for inhalation delivery. GS-5759 dose-dependently inhibited pulmonary neutrophilia in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) aerosol challenge model of inflammation in rats with an ED50 ≤ 10 µg/kg. GS-5759 was also a potent bronchodilator with an ED50 of 0.09 µg/kg in guinea pigs and 3.4 µg/kg in dogs after methylcholine (MCh) and ragweed challenges respectively. In cynomolgus monkeys, GS-5759 was dosed as a fine-particle dry powder and was efficacious in the same dose range in both MCh and LPS challenge models, with an ED50 = 70 µg/kg for bronchodilation and ED50 = 4.9 µg/kg for inhibition of LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophilia. In models to determine therapeutic index (T.I.), efficacy for bronchodilation was evaluated against increased heart rate and GS-5759 had a T.I. of 700 in guinea pigs and >31 in dogs. In a ferret model of emesis, no emesis was seen at doses several orders of magnitude greater than the ED50 observed in the rat LPS inflammation model. GS-5759 is a bifunctional molecule developed for the treatment of COPD, which has both bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory activity and has the potential for combination as a triple therapy with a second compound, within a single inhalation device.

The in vitro pharmacology of GS-5759, a novel bifunctional phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor and long acting ß2-adrenoceptor agonist.

Inhaled long-acting ß(2)-adrenoceptor agonists (LABA) that act as bronchodilators and the oral anti-inflammatory phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor roflumilast are both approved therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here we describe the activity of a novel, inhaled, bifunctional, small molecule (R)-6-[(3-{[4-(5-{[2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethyl]amino}pent-1-yn-1-yl)phenyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)sulfonyl]-4-[(3-methoxyphenyl)amino]-8-methylquinoline-3-carboxamide (GS-5759), which has specific ß(2) agonist and PDE4 inhibitory activity. GS-5759 demonstrated potent and full agonist activity at ß(2) adrenoceptors (EC(50) = 8 ± 4 nM) and is a potent inhibitor of the PDE4 enzyme (IC(50) = 5 ± 3 nM). In cell assays, GS-5759 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) production in human peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) with an IC(50) = 0.3 nM [confidence interval (CI) 0.1-0.6] and in human neutrophils formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced super oxide anion production with an IC(50) = 3 nM (CI 0.8-8). The addition of the ß(2) antagonist ICI 118551 shifted the IC(50) in these cell assays to 4 and 38 nM, respectively, demonstrating the contribution of both ß(2) agonist and PDE4 inhibitory activity to GS-5759. GS-5759 was also a potent inhibitor of profibrotic and proinflammatory mediator release from human lung fibroblasts. GS-5759 relaxed guinea pig airway smooth muscle strips precontracted with carbachol in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC(50) = 0.5 µM (CI 0.2-2) and had slow dissociation kinetics with an Off T(1/2) > 720 minutes at an EC(80) concentration of 3 µM. GS-5759 is a novel bifunctional molecule with both potent ß(2) agonist and PDE4 inhibitor activity that could provide inhaled bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory therapy for COPD.

Additive anti-inflammatory effects of beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists or glucocorticosteroid with roflumilast in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

The phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor (PDE4i) roflumilast has been approved in the US and EU for treatment of GOLD stage 3 and 4 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Inhaled ß2 adrenoceptor agonist bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory glucocorticosteroids are also used as standard of care in COPD. We investigated the anti-inflammatory interaction of roflumilast in combination with long-acting ß2 agonists (LABA), salmeterol or formoterol, or a glucocorticosteroid, dexamethasone, on cytokine production from LPS-stimulated human primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Salmeterol or formoterol caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) secretion with an IC50 of 0.33 pM (C.I. 0.006-19) and 34 pM (C.I. 13-87), respectively. When roflumilast was evaluated, the addition of salmeterol (1 nM) to roflumilast caused the IC50 for roflumilast to shift from 1.8 nM (C.I. 0.8-4) to 4.1 pM (C.I.0.3-69) (p < 0.01), and maximal inhibition increased from 72.5 ± 3.2% to 90.9 ± 3.1%. Addition of formoterol to roflumilast also produced an increased TNFα inhibition more than either drug alone (p < 0.05). The inhibition of TNFα production with salmeterol was both ß2 adrenoceptor- and protein kinase A-dependent. Addition of roflumilast (10 nM) in the presence of dexamethasone increased the inhibition of LPS-induced TNFα and CCL3. Roflumilast in combination with salmeterol, formoterol, or dexamethasone increased the inhibition of LPS-induced TNFα from human PBMC, in an additive manner. Addition of roflumilast to either a ß2 adrenoceptor agonist or a glucocorticosteroid may provide superior anti-inflammatory activity and greater efficacy in COPD patients and be dose sparing.