A SAGE-based comparison between glomerular and aortic endothelial cells.

Endothelial cells have many characteristics in common, but significant morphological and functional differences exist between endothelial cells from different anatomic sites. The specific glomerular endothelial (GEn) cell transcript repertoire is unknown. We sought to determine whether endothelial cells derived from bovine glomeruli display a distinct transcriptional profile compared with bovine aortic endothelium (BAE) under identical conditions. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), which includes known and unknown transcripts, was used to make the comparison. The GEn and BAE SAGE libraries contain 36,844 and 26,452 total tag sequences, respectively. Among 6,524 unique tag sequences represented at least 2 times in the 2 libraries, 2,094 (32%) were matched to well-characterized bovine cDNA sequences (358 tags) or expressed sequence tags (EST). Identification of the human homolog was achieved for 1,035 of these tags. Forty-two tags were differentially expressed in GEn. For 25 of these, the bovine cDNA or EST, and for 17 the human homolog was identified. Among all transcripts with a known bovine and human tag, seven were expressed at levels more than 10-fold higher in cultured GEn cells compared with all other SAGE libraries. The transcript "DKFZp564B076" was localized by in situ hybridization to glomerular endothelium in vivo and was shown by real-time RT-PCR to be highly abundant in glomeruli compared with aortic intima. This work supports the concept that differences in the transcriptional profile of endothelial cells from distinct origins are observed under otherwise equivalent conditions. Furthermore, we have identified the first known transcript predominant in glomerular endothelium in vivo.

Primary human glomerular endothelial cells produce proteoglycans, and puromycin affects their posttranslational modification.

This article describes the possible role of the endothelial cell-surface coat, containing proteoglycans (PGs) with connected glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), in maintaining glomerular permselectivity. Primary human glomerular endothelial cells (HGEC) in culture were treated with the nephrosis-inducing agent puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN). Analysis was made by TaqMan real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and by metabolic labeling with [(35)S]sulfate. The HGECs express several PGs: syndecan, versican, glypican, perlecan, decorin, and biglycan, which may contribute to the glomerular charge barrier. PAN treatment downregulated both the protein expression (by 25%) and the mRNA expression (by 37 +/- 6%, P < 0.001, n = 8) of versican compared with control. Transferases important for chondroitin and heparan sulfate biosynthesis were also significantly downregulated by PAN, resulting in less sulfate groups, shorter GAG chains, and reduced PG net-negative charge. Moreover, analysis of the cell media after PAN treatment revealed a reduced content of [(35)S]sulfate-labeled PGs (40% of control). We conclude that PAN may cause proteinuria by affecting the endothelial cell-surface layer and not only by disrupting the foot process arrangement of the podocytes. Thus the endothelium may be a more important component of the glomerular barrier than hitherto acknowledged.

Why do we not all have proteinuria? An update of our current understanding of the glomerular barrier.

The key question is not why some patients have proteinuria but rather why not all people have it. In the present review, we will present an update on the glomerular barrier after the recent breakthroughs in podocyte biology. In particular, we will discuss the role of the endothelium, which seems to be a neglected part of the glomerular membrane.

Synthesis of sulfated proteoglycans by bovine glomerular endothelial cells in culture.

It has been suggested that proteinuria is caused by alterations of the charge selectivity of the basement membrane and/or the epithelial cell layer (podocytes). However, recent findings suggest that the endothelial luminal surface coat, consisting of proteoglycans with their connected glycosaminoglycan (GAG) branches and glycoproteins, may contribute to the permselectivity. Therefore, we wanted to investigate the effects on endothelial GAG synthesis during normal and pathological conditions. We treated glomerular endothelial cell cultures with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN, a nephrosis-inducing agent) or interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) for a total of 72 h and compared the metabolic turnover and incorporation of [(35)S]sulfate during the last 2 days. In control cultures, the GAG content in the media supernatants increased 66 +/- 6% (mean +/- SE) between 12 and 42 h of incubation with radioactivity (P < 0.01, n = 8). The content of (35)S-labeled GAGs in the media was reduced by 31 +/- 1% by PAN (P < 0.001, n = 8) and increased by 141 +/- 15% by 10 U/ml IL-1beta (P < 0.01, n = 8). Treatment with enzymes revealed a dominance of heparan, chondroitin, and dermatan sulfate GAGs. Thus the glomerular endothelial cell production of GAGs was increased by IL-1beta and reduced by PAN. Therefore, it is conceivable that certain nephrotic conditions may be due to endothelial dysfunction, rather than other renal causes.

Glomerular endothelial fenestrae in vivo are not formed from caveolae.

Previous reports indicate that endothelial fenestrae in vitro can form by fusion of caveolae or caveolae-like vesicles. The principal aim of this study was to determine whether formation of glomerular endothelial cell fenestrae in vivo similarly involves caveolae and caveolin-1. Whereas caveolin-1 immunofluorescence was found around the circumference of human and mouse glomerular capillary loops, it co-localized only partially with the endothelium-specific lectin Ulex Europaeus I in human glomeruli, leaving portions of the endothelium devoid of caveolin-1. Immunogold electron microscopy, used to definitively localize caveolin-1 in glomeruli, showed that caveolin-1 was completely excluded from the fenestrated portion of the endothelium. Moreover, in caveolin-1-deficient mice, which cannot form caveolae, the ultrastructure of glomerular endothelial fenestrae appeared entirely normal. Interestingly, strong caveolin-1 immunogold labeling was observed in podocytes, where some caveolin-1 localized to filtration slits. Caveolin-1 co-immunoprecipitated with the podocyte slit diaphragm proteins nephrin and CD2AP, and dual immunofluorescence confirmed co-localization of caveolin-1 and nephrin. Nevertheless, in caveolin-1-deficient mice, podocyte ultrastructure appeared normal, and the podocyte proteins synaptopodin, nephrin, and podocin were expressed normally. In addition, blood urea nitrogen concentrations and urinary protein excretion in these mice were similar to those in wild-type mice. Thus, unlike caveolae formation, glomerular endothelial cell fenestrae formation in vivo does not require caveolin-1, ruling out the previous hypothesis that endothelial fenestrae represent fused caveolae, at least for glomerular endothelial cells. Localization of caveolin-1 to podocytes and their filtration slits is consistent with the view that the filtration slit plasma membrane represents a type of lipid raft microdomain.