ABSTRACT
In this study, we report the innovative application of whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology in assessing broad-spectrum neutralisation by three different antivenoms, of venoms from the medically significant scorpion genus Centruroides. Envenomations by as many as 21 species from the Centruroides genus result in up to 300,000 envenomations per year in Mexico, which poses significant and potentially life-threatening pathophysiology. We first evaluated the in vitro manifestation of envenomation against two human voltage-gated sodium (hNaV) channel subtypes: hNaV1.4 and hNaV1.5, which are primarily expressed in skeletal muscles and cardiomyocytes, respectively. The neutralisation of venom activity was then characterised for three different antivenoms using a direct competition model against the more potent target, hNaV1.4. While broad-spectrum neutralisation was identified, variation in neutralisation arose for Centruroides elegans, C. limpidus, C. noxius and C. suffusus venoms, despite the presence of a number of these venoms within the immunising mixture. This raises questions regarding the truly "broad" neutralisation capacity of the antivenoms. This study not only extends previous validation of the in vitro investigation of antivenom efficacy utilising the whole-cell patch-clamp technique but also underscores the potential of this animal-free model in exploring cross-reactivity, experimental scalability, and most importantly, informing clinical management practices regarding the administration of antivenom in Mexico.
Subject(s)
Antivenins , Scorpion Venoms , Scorpions , Animals , Scorpion Venoms/toxicity , Antivenins/pharmacology , Humans , Scorpion Stings/drug therapy , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Species Specificity , Mexico , Animals, PoisonousABSTRACT
Abstract Every year the demand for energy worldwide is increasing. There are some alternatives to reduce these problems, such as clean energy or renewable energy. A particular alternative is the microbial fuel cells. These cells are biochemical reactors that convert chemical energy into electricity. The present research evaluated the dairy serum to produce bioelectricity from micro fuel cells (MFC) that were constructed with low-cost materials and with isolated bacteria in anaerobic sediments, located in Ecuadorian national territory, producing maximum voltages of 0.830 V in the circuit and a maximum power density of 30 mW / m2. This low voltage was worked with 50 mL MFCs and with an output voltage of 300 mV. Under these conditions, a FLYBACK lift circuit isolated by the transformer was designed. This new circuit could increase the voltage from 30 mV to enough voltage to light a 2.5 V LED. Therefore, the energy produced by the MFC can be directly used to light a LED and to charge capacitors. This study shows that these MFCs, together with the designed circuit, could be used potentially to generate clean energy.
Resumen Cada año la demanda de energía, en todo el mundo, va en aumento. Existen algunas alternativas para reducir estos problemas, tales como las energías limpias y renovables. Una alternativa muy específica es el uso de celdas de combustible microbianas. Dichas celdas son reactores bioquímicos que convierten la energía química en electricidad. La presente investigación evaluó el suero lácteo para la producción de bioelectricidad en celdas de combustible microbianas (MFC). Estas fueron construidas con materiales de bajo costo y con bacterias aisladas en sedimentos anaeróbicos, ubicados en territorio nacional ecuatoriano, produciendo voltajes máximos de 0,830 V en el circuito y una densidad de potencia máxima de 30 mW / m2. Este bajo voltaje se trabajó con MFC de 50 mL y con un voltaje de salida de 300 mV. Bajo estas condiciones, se diseñó un circuito de elevación FLYBACK aislado por transformador. Este nuevo circuito aumentará el voltaje de 30 mV a un voltaje suficiente para encender un LED de 2.5 V. Por lo tanto, la energía producida por las MFC puede ser directamente utilizable para encender un LED y cargar los condensadores. Este estudio muestra que dichas celdas MFC, junto con el circuito diseñado, podrían utilizarse, potencialmente, para generar energía limpia.
Resumo Todos os anos a demanda por energia, em todo o mundo, está aumentando. Existem algumas alternativas para reduzir esses problemas, como energias limpas e renováveis. Uma alternativa muito específica é o uso de células combustíveis microbianas. Essas células são reatores bioquímicos que convertem energia química em eletricidade. O presente trabalho avaliou o soro lácteo para a produção de bioeletricidade em células a combustível microbianas (CCM), Estes foram construídos com materiais de baixo custo e bactérias isoladas em sedimentos anaeróbios, localizados no território nacional equatoriano, produzindo tensões máximas de 0,830 V no circuito e uma densidade de potência máxima de 30 mW / m2. Esta baixa voltagem trabalhamos com CCM de 50 mL e com uma voltagem de saída de 300 mV. Sob essas condições, um circuito de elevação FLYBACK isolado por transformador foi projetado. Este novo circuito aumentará a tensão de 30 mV para uma tensão suficiente para ligar um LED de 2,5 V. Portanto, a energia produzida pelo MFC pode ser diretamente utilizável para ligar um LED e carregar os capacitores. Este estudo mostra que essas células CCM, juntamente com o circuito projetado, poderiam ser usadas para gerar energia limpa.
ABSTRACT
The European continent is inhabited by medically important venomous Viperinae snakes. Vipera ammodytes, Vipera berus, and Vipera aspis cause the greatest public health problems in Europe, but there are other equally significant snakes in specific regions of the continent. Immunotherapy is indicated for patients with systemic envenoming, of which there are approximately 4000 annual cases in Europe, and was suggested as an indication for young children and pregnant women, even if they do not have systemic symptoms. In the present study, the safety and venom-neutralizing efficacy of Inoserp Europe-a new F(ab')2 polyvalent antivenom, designed to treat envenoming by snakes in the Eurasian region-were evaluated. In accordance with World Health Organization recommendations, several quality control parameters were applied to evaluate the safety of this antivenom. The venom-neutralizing efficacy of the antivenom was evaluated in mice and the results showed it had appropriate neutralizing potency against the venoms of several species of Vipera, Montivipera, and Macrovipera. Paraspecificity of the antivenom was demonstrated as well, since it neutralized venoms of species not included in the immunization schemes and contains satisfactory levels of total proteins and F(ab')2 fragment concentration. Therefore, this new polyvalent antivenom could be effective in the treatment of snake envenoming in Europe, including Western Russia and Turkey.
Subject(s)
Antivenins/therapeutic use , Snake Bites/drug therapy , Viper Venoms/toxicity , Animals , Female , Lethal Dose 50 , Male , Mice , ViperidaeABSTRACT
1. En la práctica psicopatológica forence el test de bender es de enorme utilidad diagnostica para enfocar el grado de agresividad y la resultante visomotora guestáltica, 2.El médico integral debe tener presente la medicina psicosomática para encausar su terapeutica clinica, fuente del quehacer cotidiano vocacional, 3.Los datos estadisticos del test de Bender tiene enorme importancia tanto en el campo psicológico por los hallazgos en tests supuestamente normales como en el campo psiquiatrico para verificar las impresiones diagnósticas, 4.Los niveles de superdotación (15 casos 8 por ciento) ingresan en el campo psivcopatologico por la riqueza signologica que presentan