ABSTRACT
Mitochondrial adaptation to different physiological conditions highly relies on the regulation of mitochondrial ultrastructure, particularly at the level of cristae compartment. Cristae represent the membrane hub where most of the respiratory complexes embed to account for OXPHOS and energy production in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Changes in cristae number and shape define the respiratory capacity as well as cell viability. The identification of key regulators of cristae morphology and the understanding of their contribution to the mitochondrial ultrastructure and function have become an strategic goal to understand mitochondrial disorders and to exploit as therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the known regulators of cristae ultrastructure and discusses their contribution and implications for mitochondrial dysfunction.
Subject(s)
Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins/metabolism , Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism , Mitochondria/metabolism , Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Mitochondrial Membranes/metabolism , Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases/metabolism , Adenosine Triphosphate/biosynthesis , Cell Survival , Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins/genetics , Eukaryotic Cells/ultrastructure , GTP Phosphohydrolases/genetics , GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation , Humans , Mitochondria/ultrastructure , Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics , Mitochondrial Membranes/ultrastructure , Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases/genetics , Organelle Shape/physiology , Oxidative Phosphorylation , Protein Multimerization , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Few cases of naevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola (NHNA) have been documented since the condition was first described in 1923. A recent PubMed search (Mar 2014) yielded 107 cases of NHNA in the world literature, mostly female patients with adolescent-onset disease. We report the first two cases of adolescent-onset NHNA from the Philippines. To our knowledge, these are also the first two cases of extensive bilateral NHNA reported in which the lesions have extended beyond the areolae affecting the surrounding periareolar skin, covering almost the entire breast. Medical treatment of NHNA has been commonly associated with treatment failure or recurrence after treatment cessation, requiring intermittent therapy. However, our two cases had successful outcomes with medical treatment using a combination topical steroid/salicylic acid ointment with > 2 years of follow-up.
Subject(s)
Breast Diseases/pathology , Keratosis/pathology , Adolescent , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Asian People , Child , Female , Humans , Hyperpigmentation/pathology , Keratolytic Agents/therapeutic use , Nipples , Philippines , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Development changes in alpha-methyl-D-glucoside and L-proline accumulation were studied using everted sleeves from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of chickens. Six age groups of chickens were used: 1 d and 1, 2, 3, 5 to 6, and 12 to 14 wk. Our results showed the presence of a Na+-dependent mechanism of sugar and amino acid uptake that is already fully developed at hatch. The intestinal transport activity undergoes substantial changes with age and region studied. Intracellular accumulation of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside and L-proline was greater in newly hatched chicks and then declined with age in the three regions of the small intestine, except for L-proline transport in ileum, which remained constant during the period studied. The transport mechanisms for each nutrient followed separate developmental patterns along the small intestine during the period studied.
