Curcumin and Its Supramolecular Complex with Disodium Glycyrrhizinate as Potential Drugs for the Liver Fluke Infection Caused by Opisthorchis felineus.

Opisthorchiosis is a parasitic liver disease found in mammals that is widespread throughout the world and causes systemic inflammation. Praziquantel remains the drug of choice for the treatment of opisthorchiosis, despite its many adverse effects. An anthelmintic effect is attributed to the main curcuminoid of Curcuma longa L. roots-curcumin (Cur)-along with many other therapeutic properties. To overcome the poor solubility of curcumin in water, a micellar complex of curcumin with the disodium salt of glycyrrhizic acid (Cur:Na2GA, molar ratio 1:1) was prepared via solid-phase mechanical processing. In vitro experiments revealed a noticeable immobilizing effect of curcumin and of Cur:Na2GA on mature and juvenile Opisthorchis felineus individuals. In vivo experiments showed that curcumin (50 mg/kg) had an anthelmintic effect after 30 days of administration to O. felineus-infected hamsters, but the effect was weaker than that of a single administration of praziquantel (400 mg/kg). Cur:Na2GA (50 mg/kg, 30 days), which contains less free curcumin, did not exert this action. The complex, just as free curcumin or better, activated the expression of bile acid synthesis genes (Cyp7A1, Fxr, and Rxra), which was suppressed by O. felineus infection and by praziquantel. Curcumin reduced the rate of inflammatory infiltration, whereas Cur:Na2GA reduced periductal fibrosis. Immunohistochemically, a decrease in liver inflammation markers was found, which is determined by calculating the numbers of tumor-necrosis-factor-positive cells during the curcumin treatment and of kynurenine-3-monooxygenase-positive cells during the Cur:Na2GA treatment. A biochemical blood test revealed a normalizing effect of Cur:Na2GA (comparable to that of curcumin) on lipid metabolism. We believe that the further development and investigation of therapeutics based on curcuminoids in relation Opisthorchis felineus and other trematode infections will be useful for clinical practice and veterinary medicine.

Conjugates of Lupane Triterpenoids with Arylpyrimidines: Synthesis and Anti-inflammatory Activity.

Semisynthetic triterpenoid betulonic acid is of significant interest due to its biological activity and synthetic application. In this study, we report the synthesis of hybrid compounds, containing betulonic acid carboxamide and arylpyrimidine fragments. A total of 15 conjugates were prepared using the cyclocondensation reaction of new terpenoid alkynyl ketones with amidinium salts. The main synthetic approach to betulonic acid amide-derived alkynylketones was based on the cross-coupling reaction of N-(4-ethynylphenyl)- or N-(2-(4-ethynylphenyl)-1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl)- substituted betulonic acid carboxamide with aroylchlorides. Cyclocondensation of alkynones with amidine or guanidine hydrochlorides by reflux in MeCN in the presence of K2CO3 led to the formation of terpenoid pyrimidine hybrids in 52-89% isolated yield. Anti-inflammatory properties of new type of triterpenoid-pyrimidine conjugates were studied using the histamine- and concanavalin A- induced mouse paw edema models. In a model of acute inflammation betulonic acid amide-arylpyrimidines containing a 4-fluorophenyl substituent at the C-6 position of pyrimidine ring exhibited significant and selective anti-inflammatory activity. Compounds containing the 4-bromophenyl- substituent in the pyrimidine ring revealed selective anti-inflammatory activity in the model of immunogenic inflammation (concanavalin-A model). It should be noted that the methoxycarbonyl substituted ethane link between pharmacophore ligands (betulonic acid carboxamide and arylpyrimidine) has a significant effect on anti-inflammatory activity in both in vivo models of inflammation. It was shown by molecular docking that the new derivatives are incorporated into the binding site of the protein Keap1 Kelch-domain by their pyrimidine substituent with the formation of more non-covalent bonds.

The Comparative Immunotropic Activity of Carrageenan, Chitosan and Their Complexes.

The immunotropic activity of polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) of κ-carrageenan (κ-CGN) and chitosan (CH) of various compositions was assessed in comparison with the initial polysaccharides in comparable doses. For this, two soluble forms of PEC, with an excess of CH (CH:CGN mass ratios of 10:1) and with an excess of CGN (CH: CGN mass ratios of 1:10) were prepared. The ability of PEC to scavenge NO depended on the content of the κ-CGN in the PEC. The ability of the PEC to induce the synthesis of pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) and anti-inflammatory (interleukine-10 (IL-10)) cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cell was determined by the activity of the initial κ-CGN, regardless of their composition. The anti-inflammatory activity of PEC and the initial compounds was studied using test of histamine-, concanavalin A-, and sheep erythrocyte immunization-induced inflammation in mice. The highest activity of PEC, as well as the initial polysaccharides κ-CGN and CH, was observed in a histamine-induced exudative inflammation, directly related to the activation of phagocytic cells, i.e., macrophages and neutrophils.

Lupane-type conjugates with aminoacids, 1,3,4- oxadiazole and 1,2,5-oxadiazole-2-oxide derivatives: Synthesis, anti-inflammatory activity and in silico evaluation of target affinity.

With the purpose to improve anti-inflammatory activity, the impact of introduction of 1,2,5- and 1,3,4-oxadiazole fragments to betulonic acid core as well as hybrids tethered with short ω-amino acids has been studied. The anti-inflammatory activity of synthesized compounds was tested in vivo using models of inflammation induced by concanavalin A and histamine. The majority of new compounds demonstrated higher anti-inflammatory activity compared with starting betulonic acid. To confirm the molecular targets of new derivatives in NRf2 and NFκB pathways the docking at Kelch and BTB active sites of Keap1 as well as IKK was done. The novelty of the present work is the development of new class of low toxic anti-inflammatory substances consisting of amino acid-linked betulonic acid - oxadiazole conjugates. These compounds can be considered as prospective chemopreventive agents.

Social defeat stress exacerbates the blood abnormalities in Opisthorchis felineus-infected mice.

A model of chronic opisthorchiasis combined with social stress is examined; this situation is more likely for humans and animals than a separate impact of the infectious factor. For this purpose, we evaluated the effects of Opisthorchis felineus ("OP" group) and 30-day social stress (confrontations between males, "SS" group) alone and in combination ("OP + SS" group) in inbred C57BL/6 male mice and compared these effects according to the parameters listed below. The animals exposed to neither factor formed the control group ("CON"). All animals were assayed for blood biochemical parameters, changes in blood cell composition, and pattern of bone marrow hematopoiesis. By the end of the experiment, we have observed crucial effects of the two factors on the blood and liver of "OP" and "OP + SS". Eosinophil and basophil counts increased and relative segmented neutrophil and monocyte counts decreased in "OP + SS" mice on the background of activated myelopoiesis, mainly determined by social stress. Despite depressed erythropoiesis, "OP" mice displayed no changes in the relative peripheral erythrocyte counts. On the contrary, social stress, which stimulated erythropoiesis in "SS" and "OP + SS" mice, was accompanied by a decrease in the relative erythrocyte counts and hematocrit. Hepatosplenomegaly was observed on the background of these two impacts. Changes in transaminase (ALT and AST) and alkaline phosphatase activities as well as an increase in cholesterol and product of lipid peroxidation suggest a pronounced destruction of the liver. Altogether, social stress exacerbates many of the assayed blood parameters in the mice infected with the liver fluke.

Carrageenans-Sulfated Polysaccharides from Red Seaweeds as Matrices for the Inclusion of Echinochrome.

The possibility of using different types of carrageenans (CRG) as matrixes for incorporating of echinochrome A (Ech) was investigated. Ech interacts with carrageenans and is incorporated into the macromolecular structure of the polysaccharide. The inclusion of Ech in carrageenan matrices decreased its oxidative degradation and improved its solubility. The changing in the charge and morphology of CRGs during binding with Ech was observed. The rate of Ech release from CRG matrices depended on the structure of the used polysaccharide and the presence of specific ions. The gastroprotective effect of CRG/Ech complexes was investigated on the model of stomach ulcers induced by indomethacin in rats. Complexes of CRG/Ech exhibited significant gastroprotective activity that exceeded the activity of the reference drug Phosphalugel. The gastroprotective effect of the complexes can be associated with their protective layer on the surface of the mucous membrane of a stomach.

Involvement of autophagy in the outcome of mitotic catastrophe.

Evading cell death is a major driving force for tumor progression that is one of the main problems in current cancer research. Mitotic catastrophe (MC) represents attractive platform compromising tumor resistance to current therapeutic modalities. MC appeared as onco-suppressive mechanism and is defined as a stage driving the cell to an irreversible destiny, i.e. cell death via apoptosis or necrosis. Our study highlights that MC induction in colorectal carcinoma cell lines ultimately leads to the autophagy followed by apoptosis. We show that autophagy suppression in Atg 13 knockout non-small cell lung carcinoma cells lead to the dramatic decrease of MC rate. Furthermore, mitochondria-linked anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL play a crucial role in the duration of MC and a cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis. Thus, the suppression of apoptosis by overexpression of Mcl-1 or Bcl-xL affected MC and lead to a significant induction of autophagy in HCT116 wt and HCT116 14-3-3σ-/- cells. Our data demonstrate that MC induction is a critical stage, in which a cell decides how to die, while mitochondria are responsible for the maintaining the balance between MC - autophagy - apoptosis.

Histological validation of fast macromolecular proton fraction mapping as a quantitative myelin imaging method in the cuprizone demyelination model.

Cuprizone-induced demyelination in mice is a frequently used model in preclinical multiple sclerosis research. A recent quantitative clinically-targeted MRI method, fast macromolecular proton fraction (MPF) mapping demonstrated a promise as a myelin biomarker in human and animal studies with a particular advantage of sensitivity to both white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) demyelination. This study aimed to histologically validate the capability of MPF mapping to quantify myelin loss in brain tissues using the cuprizone demyelination model. Whole-brain MPF maps were obtained in vivo on an 11.7T animal MRI scanner from 7 cuprizone-treated and 7 control С57BL/6 mice using the fast single-point synthetic-reference method. Brain sections were histologically stained with Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) for myelin quantification. Significant (p < 0.05) demyelination in cuprizone-treated animals was found according to both LFB staining and MPF in all anatomical structures (corpus callosum, anterior commissure, internal capsule, thalamus, caudoputamen, and cortex). MPF strongly correlated with quantitative histology in all animals (r = 0.95, p < 0.001) as well as in treatment and control groups taken separately (r = 0.96, p = 0.002 and r = 0.93, p = 0.007, respectively). Close agreement between histological myelin staining and MPF suggests that fast MPF mapping enables robust and accurate quantitative assessment of demyelination in both WM and GM.

Reactive oxygen species regulate a balance between mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis.

Mitotic catastrophe (MC) is a sequence of events resulting from premature or inappropriate entry of cells into mitosis that can be caused by chemical or physical stresses. There are several observations permitting to define MC as an oncosuppressive mechanism. MC can end up in apoptosis, necrosis or senescence. Here we show that the anticancer drug doxorubicin triggers DNA damage and MC independently of ROS production. In contrast, doxorubicin-induced apoptosis was found to be ROS-dependent. Antioxidants NAC or Trolox suppressed apoptosis, but facilitated MC development. Our data demonstrate that evasion of apoptosis and subsequent stimulation of MC can contribute to tumor cell elimination improving anticancer therapy.

Mitotic catastrophe and cancer drug resistance: A link that must to be broken.

An increased tendency of genomic alterations during the life cycle of cells leads to genomic instability, which is a major driving force for tumorigenesis. A considerable fraction of tumor cells are tetraploid or aneuploid, which renders them intrinsically susceptible to mitotic aberrations, and hence, are particularly sensitive to the induction of mitotic catastrophe. Resistance to cell death is also closely linked to genomic instability, as it enables malignant cells to expand even in a stressful environment. Currently it is known that cells can die via multiple mechanisms. Mitotic catastrophe represents a step preceding apoptosis or necrosis, depending on the expression and/or proper function of several proteins. Mitotic catastrophe was proposed to be an onco-suppressive mechanism and the evasion of mitotic catastrophe constitutes one of the gateways to cancer development. Thus, stimulation of mitotic catastrophe appears to be a promising strategy in cancer treatment. Indeed, several chemotherapeutic drugs are currently used at concentrations that induce apoptosis irrespective of the cell cycle phase, yet are very efficient at triggering mitotic catastrophe at lower doses, significantly limiting side effects. In the present review we summarize current data concerning the role of mitotic catastrophe in cancer drug resistance and discuss novel strategies to break this link.

Rapid access to new bioconjugates of betulonic acid via click chemistry.

Plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenoids of lupane and oleanane families provide a versatile structural platform for the discovery of new biologically active compounds. A number of semisynthetic derivatives of these molecules, possess high medical efficiency including antiviral (HIV-1), anticancer and immunomodulating activity. Even small structural changes in these triterpenoid derivatives were reported to lead to significant changes in their activity, making a convincing case for a systematic study of structure-activity relationships in this class of compounds. Our earlier work opened synthetic access to alkynes derived from the betulonic scaffold and enabled the development of a new family of biohybrids using Click Chemistry (CC). The computer-aided prediction of several types of biological activity were performed with program PASS (Prediction Activity Spectra of Substances. Experimental studies based on mouse models verified the SAR predictions obtained by the PASS program. The observed correlation between the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity indicates substantial contribution of the latter in the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of the triazole derivatives of betulonic acid.

Efficient synthesis of the first betulonic acid-acetylene hybrids and their hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity.

The Sonogashira reaction can be applied for the preparation of acetylenic derivatives of betulonic acid where the triterpenoid moiety can serve as either the halo- or the acetylenic component. This reaction opened access to the first derivatives of betulonic acid containing either the arylethynyl (C[triple bond]C-Ar(Het) or the ethynyl (C[triple bond]CH) moieties. From the fundamental perspective, this work illustrates the possibility of selective Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling at terminal acetylenes in the presence of a terminal alkene. Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of selected acetylenic derivatives of betulonic acid were investigated using the CCl4-induced hepatitis and carrageenan-induced edema models, respectively.

Analgesic effect from Ibuprofen nanoparticles inhaled by male mice.

BACKGROUND: Aerosol lung administration is a convenient way to deliver water-insoluble or poorly soluble drugs, provided that small-sized particles are generated. Here, for the outbred male mice, we show that the pulmonary administration of ibuprofen nanoparticles requires a dose that is three to five orders of magnitude less than that for the orally delivered particles at the same analgesic effect. METHOD: The aerosol evaporation-condensation generator consisted of a horizontal cylindrical quartz tube with an outer heater. Argon flow was supplied to the inlet and aerosol was formed at the outlet. The particle mean diameter and number concentration varied from 10 to 100 nm and 10(3)-10(7) cm(-)3, respectively. The analgesic action and side pulmonary effects caused by the inhalation of ibuprofen nanoparticles were investigated. RESULTS: The chemical composition of aerosol particles was shown to be identical with the maternal drug. Using the nose-only exposure chambers, the mice lung deposition efficiency was evaluated as a function of the particle diameter. CONCLUSIONS: The dose-dependent analgesic effect of aerosolized ibuprofen was studied in comparison with the oral treatment. It was found that the dose for aerosol treatment is three to five orders of magnitude less than that required for oral treatment at the same analgesic effect. Accompanying effects were moderate venous hyperemia and some emphysematous signs.

Anti-inflammatory effect from indomethacin nanoparticles inhaled by male mice.

The respiratory system provides entry for drug nanoparticles to cure systemic diseases. The modern devices that are available on the market of therapeutic aerosol delivery systems have a number of disadvantages. There remains a need for an alternative means that is low cost, convenient, and capable of producing small-sized particles. On the other hand, one-third of the modern drugs are poorly water soluble. Many currently available injectable formulations of such drugs can cause side effects that originate from detergents and other agents used for their solubilization. The aerosol lung administration may by a good way for delivery of the water-insoluble drugs. We present here a new way for the generation of drug nanoparticles suitable for many water insoluble substances based on the evaporation-condensation route. In this paper the indomethacin nanoaerosol formation was studied and its anti-inflammatory effect to the outbred male mice was examined. The evaporation-condensation aerosol generator consisted of a horizontal cylindrical quartz tube with an outer heater. Argon flow was supplied to the inlet and the aerosol was formed at the outlet. The particle mean diameter and number concentration were varied in the ranges 3 to 200 nm and 10(3) to 10(7) cm(-3), respectively. The liquid chromatography and X-ray diffraction methods have shown the nanoparticles consist of the amorphous phase indomethacin. The aerosol lung administration experiments were carried out in the whole-body exposure chamber. Both the lung deposited dose and the particle deposition efficiency were determined as a function of the mean particle diameter for mice being housed into the nose-only exposure chambers. The anti-inflammatory action and side pulmonary effects caused by the inhalation of indomethacin nanoparticles were investigated. It was found that the aerosol administration was much more effective than the peroral treatment. The aerosol route required a therapeutic dose six orders of magnitude less than that for peroral administration.

Antiarrhythmic activity of 4,6-di(het)aryl-5-nitro-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-(1H)-2-ones and its effects on arterial pressure in rats.

The antiarrhythmic activity of 4,6-di(het)aryl-5-nitro-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-(1H)-2-ones toward two types of experimental rat arrhythmia has been studied. With CaCl(2) induced arrhythmia model, several agents have demonstrated high antiarrhythmic activity and the lack of influence on arterial pressure of rats.