ABSTRACT
Sulphur mustard was used as a disabling chemical warfare agent during World War I, and, in more recent times, the Iran-Iraq conflict. Various chronic and acute complications have been documented in almost 100,000 Iranian victims to date. Several individual and environmental factors affect the severity and persistency of the complications. The most common adverse effects occur in the respiratory system, skin and eyes, with ocular and respiratory features usually preceding cutaneous lesions. In this paper, we present the unusual case of a chemical victim presenting with characteristic mustard scar leading to stenosis of the external meatus. In this case, initial cutaneous involvement of the injured external genitalia and thighs preceded the ocular and respiratory symptoms. We discuss the possible aetiologies.
Subject(s)
Chemical Warfare Agents/poisoning , Military Personnel , Mustard Gas/poisoning , Skin Diseases/chemically induced , Urination Disorders/chemically induced , Bronchiectasis/chemically induced , Eye Diseases/chemically induced , Humans , Male , Skin Diseases/pathology , Veterans , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine change of hyoid bone position following treatment with functional appliance in patients with class II division 1 malocclusion. DESIGN: This study performed on pre and post treatment lateral cephalograms of 28 patients with class II div I malocclusion treated with Farmand functional appliance on average of 11 months. The range of age of girls was 10-13 years and boys 11-14 years. To study the results, t test and Pearsons correlation coefficient were used. RESULTS: Hyoid bone shifted significantly (P value < 0.01) forward in horizontal dimension and non significantly upward in vertical dimension. There was no significant difference between three groups in facial growth patterns with respect to hyoid bone position alterations in horizontal dimension but was significant between horizontal and vertical growth pattern in vertical dimension. (P value < 0.05). There was significant correlation between decrease ofANB angle with forward movement of hyoid bone. CONCLUSION: Following treatment with Farmand functional appliance, significant changes occur in the position and anterior displacement of the hyoid bone.
Subject(s)
Hyoid Bone/anatomy & histology , Malocclusion, Angle Class II/therapy , Orthodontic Appliances, Functional , Stomatognathic System/anatomy & histology , Vertical Dimension , Adolescent , Cephalometry , Child , Female , Humans , Hyoid Bone/physiopathology , Male , Malocclusion, Angle Class II/physiopathology , Orthodontics, Corrective/instrumentation , Orthodontics, Corrective/methods , Stomatognathic System/physiopathology , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine changes of tongue position and oropharyngeal space following treatment with functional appliance in patients with class II div I malocclusion. In this before-after clinical trial, 28 patients with class II div I malocclusion were investigated. The range of age of females was 10-13 years and males 11-14 years. These samples were treated for II months. McNamara analysis and some linear variables were used to determine positional changes of tongue and oropharyngeal space. In this study, tongue moved significantly (P. value < 0.05) forwards in the horizontal dimension and non-significantly downwards in the vertical dimension. Treatment with functional appliance leads to significant alterations in tongue position and significantly increases the extent of oropharyngeal space.
